Detonator

Detonator, sering disebut sebuah blasting cap atau tutup peledakan, adalah perangkat yang digunakan untuk memicu bahan peledak. Detonator dapat dimulai secara kimiawi, mekanis, atau elektrik, dua yang terakhir adalah yang paling umum. Detonator digunakan oleh militer, sipil, komersial, dan pertambangan.

Penggunaan bahan peledak secara komersial menggunakan detonator elektrik yang telah disambung pada detonator biasa. Banyak bahan peledak primer detonator adalah bahan yang disebut senyawa ASA. Senyawa ini dibentuk dari timbal azida, styphnate timbal dan aluminium dan ditekan ke tempatnya di atas muatan dasar, biasanya TNT atau tetryl di detonator militer dan PETN di detonator komersial.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Bahan lain seperti DDNP (diazo dinitro phenol) juga digunakan sebagai muatan utama untuk mengurangi jumlah timbal yang diemisikan ke atmosfer melalui operasi penambangan dan penggalian. Detonator lama menggunakan merkuri fulminat sebagai primer, sering dicampur dengan kalium klorat untuk menghasilkan kinerja yang lebih baik.

Sebuah cap tutup peledakan adalah perangkat peledak utama kecil sensitif yang umumnya digunakan untuk meledakkan peledak sekunder yang lebih besar, lebih kuat dan kurang sensitif seperti TNT, dinamit, atau bahan peledak plastik.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Cap tutup peledakan tersedia dalam berbagai jenis, termasuk tutup non-elektrik, tutup elektrik, dan tutup sekring. Mereka digunakan dalam penambangan komersial, penggalian, dan pembongkaran. Jenis listrik dipicu oleh semburan arus pendek yang dikirim oleh mesin peledakan melalui kabel panjang ke tutup untuk memastikan keamanan. Tutup sumbu tradisional memiliki sekring yang dinyalakan oleh sumber api, seperti korek api kayu atau korek api lighter.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Jenis-jenis detonator :

Detonator biasa (plain detonator)
Detonator listrik (electric detonator)
Detonator nonel (nonel detonator)
Detonator elektronik (electronic detonator)

^ Watson, William (1744). "Experiments and observations tending to illustrate the nature and properties of electricity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 43: 481–501. doi:10.1098/rstl.1744.0094 . From p. 500: "But I can, at pleasure, fire gunpowder, and even discharge a musket, by the power of electricity, when the gunpowder has been ground with a little camphor, or with a few drops of some inflammable chemical oil."
^ Franklin, Benjamin, Experiments and Observations on Electricity at Philadelphia in America (London, England: Francis Newberg, 1769), p. 92. From p. 92: "A small cartridge is filled with dry powder, hard rammed, so as to bruise some of the grains; two pointed wires are then thrust in, one at each end, the points approaching each other in the middle of the cartridge till within the distance of half an inch [1.27 cm]; then, the cartridge being placed in the circle [i.e., circuit], when the four [Leyden] jars are discharged, the electric flame leaping from the point of one wire to the point of the other, within the cartridge amongst the powder, fires it, and the explosion of the powder is at the same instant with the crack of the discharge."
^ "Standing Well Back - Home - Inventing detonators". www.standingwellback.com. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2018.
^ Hare, Robert (1832) "Application of galvanism to the blasting of rocks," The Mechanics' Magazine , 17: 266–267.
^ Note: Robert Hare had constructed his large battery (or "deflagrator" or "calorimotor", as he called it) in 1821. See: Hare, R. (1821) "A memoir on some new modifications of galvanic apparatus, with observations in support of his new theory of galvanism," The American Journal of Science and Arts, 3: 105–117.
^ Patent for nitroglycerin: Nobel, A., British patent no. 1,813 (July 20, 1864).
^
See:
- Patent for dynamite: Nobel, Alfred, English patent no. 1,345 (May 7, 1867).
- Nobel, Alfred, "Improved explosive compound", U.S. patent no. 78,317 (May 26, 1868). (See p. 2 for the description of the "percussion-cap".)
- de Mosenthal, Henry (1899) "The life-work of Alfred Nobel," Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 18: 443–451; see p. 444.
^ Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in electric fuses," U.S. Patent no. 79,268 (June 23, 1868).
^ Cooper, Paul W., Explosives Engineering (New York, New York: Wiley-VHC, 1996), p. 339.
^
See:
- Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in electric fuses," U.S. Patent no. 173,681 (February 15, 1876).
- Smith, Henry Julius, "Electric fuse," U.S. Patent no. 225,173 (March 2, 1880).
^ Gardner, Perry G., "Electric fuse," U.S. Patent no. 377,851 (February 14, 1888).
^
See:
- Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in magneto-electric machines," U.S. Patent no. 201,296 (January 17, 1878).
- Smith, Henry Julius, "Dynamo-electric igniting machine," U.S. Patent no. 353,827 (December 7, 1886).
- Smith, Henry Julius, "Art of blasting," U.S. Patent no. 534,289 (February 19, 1895).
- Krehl, Peter O. K., History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference (Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2009), p. 365.

[1] Watson, William (1744). "Experiments and observations tending to illustrate the nature and properties of electricity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 43: 481–501. doi:10.1098/rstl.1744.0094 . From p. 500: "But I can, at pleasure, fire gunpowder, and even discharge a musket, by the power of electricity, when the gunpowder has been ground with a little camphor, or with a few drops of some inflammable chemical oil."

[2] Franklin, Benjamin, Experiments and Observations on Electricity at Philadelphia in America (London, England: Francis Newberg, 1769), p. 92. From p. 92: "A small cartridge is filled with dry powder, hard rammed, so as to bruise some of the grains; two pointed wires are then thrust in, one at each end, the points approaching each other in the middle of the cartridge till within the distance of half an inch [1.27 cm]; then, the cartridge being placed in the circle [i.e., circuit], when the four [Leyden] jars are discharged, the electric flame leaping from the point of one wire to the point of the other, within the cartridge amongst the powder, fires it, and the explosion of the powder is at the same instant with the crack of the discharge."

[3] "Standing Well Back - Home - Inventing detonators". www.standingwellback.com. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2018.

[4] Hare, Robert (1832) "Application of galvanism to the blasting of rocks," The Mechanics' Magazine , 17: 266–267.

[5] Note: Robert Hare had constructed his large battery (or "deflagrator" or "calorimotor", as he called it) in 1821. See: Hare, R. (1821) "A memoir on some new modifications of galvanic apparatus, with observations in support of his new theory of galvanism," The American Journal of Science and Arts, 3: 105–117.

[6] Patent for nitroglycerin: Nobel, A., British patent no. 1,813 (July 20, 1864).

[7] See:
Patent for dynamite: Nobel, Alfred, English patent no. 1,345 (May 7, 1867).

Nobel, Alfred, "Improved explosive compound", U.S. patent no. 78,317 (May 26, 1868). (See p. 2 for the description of the "percussion-cap".)

de Mosenthal, Henry (1899) "The life-work of Alfred Nobel," Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 18: 443–451; see p. 444.

[8] Patent for dynamite: Nobel, Alfred, English patent no. 1,345 (May 7, 1867).

[9] Nobel, Alfred, "Improved explosive compound", U.S. patent no. 78,317 (May 26, 1868). (See p. 2 for the description of the "percussion-cap".)

[10] Mosenthal, Henry (1899) "The life-work of Alfred Nobel," Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 18: 443–451; see p. 444.

[8] Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in electric fuses," U.S. Patent no. 79,268 (June 23, 1868).

[9] Cooper, Paul W., Explosives Engineering (New York, New York: Wiley-VHC, 1996), p. 339.

[10] See:
Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in electric fuses," U.S. Patent no. 173,681 (February 15, 1876).

Smith, Henry Julius, "Electric fuse," U.S. Patent no. 225,173 (March 2, 1880).

[14] Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in electric fuses," U.S. Patent no. 173,681 (February 15, 1876).

[15] Smith, Henry Julius, "Electric fuse," U.S. Patent no. 225,173 (March 2, 1880).

[11] Gardner, Perry G., "Electric fuse," U.S. Patent no. 377,851 (February 14, 1888).

[12] See:
Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in magneto-electric machines," U.S. Patent no. 201,296 (January 17, 1878).

Smith, Henry Julius, "Dynamo-electric igniting machine," U.S. Patent no. 353,827 (December 7, 1886).

Smith, Henry Julius, "Art of blasting," U.S. Patent no. 534,289 (February 19, 1895).

Krehl, Peter O. K., History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference (Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2009), p. 365.

[18] Smith, Henry Julius, "Improvement in magneto-electric machines," U.S. Patent no. 201,296 (January 17, 1878).

[19] Smith, Henry Julius, "Dynamo-electric igniting machine," U.S. Patent no. 353,827 (December 7, 1886).

[20] Smith, Henry Julius, "Art of blasting," U.S. Patent no. 534,289 (February 19, 1895).

[21] Krehl, Peter O. K., History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference (Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2009), p. 365.

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