Back الإبادة الجماعية لليونانيين Arabic Yunan soyqırımı Azerbaijani Генацыд грэкаў Byelorussian جینۆسایدی یۆنانییەکان CKB Řecká genocida Czech Griechenverfolgungen im Osmanischen Reich 1914–1923 German Cênosidê Ruman DIQ Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων της Μικράς Ασίας και της Ανατολικής Θράκης Greek Greek genocide English Greka genocido Esperanto

Genosida Yunani

Genosida Yunani
Warga sipil Yunani meratapi jenazah kerabatnya, Kebakaran Besar Smyrna 1922.
Lokasi Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
Tanggal1914–1923
SasaranPenduduk Yunani, terutama etnis Pontos, Kappadokia, Ionia dan Thrakia Timur
Jenis serangan
Deportasi, pembunuhan massal, perjalanan maut, dll.
Korban tewas
750.000[1]–900.000[2]
PelakuKesultanan Utsmaniyah, Gerakan Nasional Turki

Genosida Yunani (oleh orang Yunani disebut juga Pembantaian (η Σφαγή), Malapetaka Besar (η Μεγάλη Καταστροφή), atau Tragedi Besar (η Μεγάλη Τραγωδία)[3]), sebagiannya disebut Genosida Pontos, adalah pemusnahan sistematis penduduk Yunani Utsmaniyah Kristen dari tanah air historis mereka di Anatolia selama Perang Dunia I dan sesudahnya (1914–23). Peristiwa ini dilakukan oleh pemerintah Kesultanan Utsmaniyah terhadap warga Yunani di wilayah Kesultanan dan meliputi pembantaian, deportasi paksa yang melibatkan perjalanan maut, pengusiran di tempat, eksekusi acak, dan penghancuran unsur budaya, sejarah, dan monumen Ortodoks Kristen. Menurut berbagai sumber, beberapa ratus ribu orang Yunani Utsmaniyah tewas akibat peristiwa ini.[4] Sebagian besar pengungsi dan korban selamat melarikan diri ke Yunani, jumlahnya sekitar lebih dari seperempat dari total penduduk Yunani saat itu.[5] Beberapa lainnya, terutama dari provinsi-provinsi Timur, mengungsi ke Kekaisaran Rusia. Akibatnya, setelah Perang Yunani-Turki 1919–22 berakhir, sebagian besar orang Yunani di Asia Kecil telah pergi atau dibunuh.[6] Mereka yang tetap tinggal di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dipindahkan ke Yunani sesuai perjanjian pertukaran penduduk antara Yunani dan Turki 1923, yang mengesahkan eksodus dan melarang kembalinya para pengungsi. Suku bangsa lain juga diserang oleh Kesultanan Utsmaniyah pada masa itu, termasuk Asiria dan Armenia, dan beberapa sejarawan serta organisasi menganggap penyerangan tersebut sebagai bagian dari kebijakan pemusnahan yang sama.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Pihak Sekutu Perang Dunia I mengutuk pembantaian yang didukung pemerintah Utsmaniyah ini dan menyebutnya kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Tahun 2007, Asosiasi Peneliti Genosida Internasional mengesahkan sebuah resolusi yang mengakui bahwa kampanye Utsmaniyah terhadap minoritas Kristen di wilayah Kekaisaran, termasuk bangsa Yunani, adalah genosida.[15] Sejumlah organisasi lainnya juga telah mengeluarkan resolusi yang menyebut kampanye ini genosida, begitu pula dengan parlemen Yunani, Siprus, Swedia, Armenia, Belanda, Jerman[16][17] dan Austria.

  1. ^ Jones 2010, hlm. 150–51: ‘By the beginning of the First World War, a majority of the region’s ethnic Greeks still lived in present-day Turkey, mostly in Thrace (the only remaining Ottoman territory in Europe, abutting the Greek border), and along the Aegean and Black Sea coasts. They would be targeted both prior to and alongside the Armenians of Anatolia and Assyrians of Anatolia and Mesopotamia… The major populations of “Anatolian Greeks” include those along the Aegean coast and in Cappadocia (central Anatolia), but not the Greeks of the Thrace region west of the Bosphorus… A “Christian genocide” framing acknowledges the historic claims of Assyrian and Greek peoples, and the movements now stirring for recognition and restitution among Greek and Assyrian diasporas. It also brings to light the quite staggering cumulative death toll among the various Christian groups targeted… of the 1.5 million Greeks of Asia minor – Ionians, Pontians, and Cappadocians – approximately 750,000 were massacred and 750,000 exiled. Pontian deaths alone totaled 353,000.
  2. ^ Jones 2010, hlm. 166: ‘An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period. Most surviving Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the tumultuous “population exchanges” that set the seal on a heavily “Turkified” state.’
  3. ^ Hatzidimitriou, Constantine G (2005), American Accounts Documenting the Destruction of Smyrna by the Kemalist Turkish Forces: September 1922, New Rochelle, NY: Caratzas, hlm. 1 .
  4. ^ Jones 2006, hlm. 154–55.
  5. ^ Howland, Charles P. "Greece and Her Refugees" Diarsipkan 2015-04-07 di Wayback Machine., Foreign Affairs, The Council on Foreign Relations. July, 1926.
  6. ^ Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen. (2005). Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 377. ISBN 1-57607-796-9. The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of I.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the "Greeks' who were transferred after 1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 [Ladas I932, 438-439; but using the same source Eddy 1931, 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece. 
  7. ^ Jones 2010, hlm. 171–2: ‘A resolution was placed before the IAGS membership to recognize the Greek and Assyrian/Chaldean components of the Ottoman genocide against Christians, alongside the Armenian strand of the genocide (which the IAGS has already formally acknowledged). The result, passed emphatically in December 2007 despite not inconsiderable opposition, was a resolution which I co-drafted, reading as follows:...’
  8. ^ IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-04-28, diakses tanggal 2013-05-19 
  9. ^ "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament", News (full text), AM, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-16, diakses tanggal 2013-05-19 , containing both the IAGS and the Swedish resolutions.
  10. ^ Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  11. ^ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. 
  12. ^ "Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire" (PDF). International Association of Genocide Scholars. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  13. ^ Gaunt, David (2006), Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I, Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias 
  14. ^ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. 
  15. ^ IAGS officially recognizes Assyrian, Greek genocides (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-02-27, diakses tanggal 2013-05-19 .
  16. ^ "German Bundestag recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Public Radio of Armenia (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2016-06-02. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-10-05. Diakses tanggal 2017-02-23. 
  17. ^ "Bundestag calls Turkish crimes against Armenians genocide - - on B92.net". B92.net (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-20. Diakses tanggal 2017-02-23. 

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