Perencanaan ekonomi

Templat:Sistem ekonomi sidebar

Perencanaan Ekonomi adalah mekanisme alokasi sumber daya yang berlawanan dengan mekanisme pasar. Sebagai mekanisme koordinasi dalam sosialisme, perencanaan ekonomi menggantikan pasar faktor dan didefinisikan sebagai alokasi langsung sumber daya; berlawanan dengan alokasi tidak langsung dari mekanisme pasar. Ada berbagai jenis prosedur dan bentuk-bentuk perencanaan yang dapat digunakan.^[1]

Tingkat sentralisasi pembuatan keputusan dalam perencanaan tergantung pada jenis spesifik mekanisme perencanaan yang digunakan. Dengan demikian, dapat membedakan antara perencanaan terpusat dan perencanaan desentralisasi.^[2] Ekonomi yang terutama didasarkan atas perencanaan terpusat yang disebut sebagai ekonomi terencana. Dalam ekonomi terencana yang terpusat, alokasi sumber daya ditentukan oleh perencanaan komprehensif produksi yang menspesifikasi hasil yang dibutuhkan.^[3] Perencanaan juga dapat berbentuk pengarahan perencanaan atau perencanaan indikatif.

Perekonomian modern saat ini adalah ekonomi campuran yang menggabungkan berbagai sifat dari pasar dan perencanaan.

Perbedaan dapat dibuat antara perencanaan fisik (seperti dalam sosialisme murni) dan perencanaan finansial (seperti yang dipraktikkan oleh pemerintah dan perusahaan swasta dalam kapitalisme). Perencanaan fisik melibatkan perencanaan dan koordinasi ekonomi yang dilakukan dalam pilahan unit fisik; sedangkan perencanaan finansial melibatkan rencana yang diformulasikan dalam unit finansal.^[4]

^ Mandel, Ernest (September–October 1986). "In defense of socialist planning". New Left Review. New Left Review. I (159): 5–37. Planning is not equivalent to ‘perfect’ allocation of resources, nor ‘scientific’ allocation, nor even ‘more humane’ allocation. It simply means ‘direct’ allocation, ex ante. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is ex post.
^ Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. hlm. 23–24. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. Centralization is commonly identified with plan and decentralization with market, but there is no simple relationship between the level of decision making and the use of market or plan as a coordinating mechanism. In some economies, it is possible to combine a considerable concentration of decision-making authority and information in a few large corporations with substantial state involvement and yet to have no system of planning as such...To identify an economy as planned does not necessarily reveal the prevalent coordinating mechanism, or for that matter, the degree of centralization in decision making. Both depend on the type of planning mechanism.
^ Alec Nove (1987), "planned economy", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 879-80.
^ Ellman, Michael (1989). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 25. ISBN 0-521-35866-3. Planning in the traditional model is primarily an activity that takes place in physical terms. That is, it is concerned with allocating tonnes of this, cubic metres of that, etc. rather than being concerned with allocating financial flows.

[1] Mandel, Ernest (September–October 1986). "In defense of socialist planning". New Left Review. New Left Review. I (159): 5–37. Planning is not equivalent to ‘perfect’ allocation of resources, nor ‘scientific’ allocation, nor even ‘more humane’ allocation. It simply means ‘direct’ allocation, ex ante. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is ex post.

[2] Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. hlm. 23–24. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. Centralization is commonly identified with plan and decentralization with market, but there is no simple relationship between the level of decision making and the use of market or plan as a coordinating mechanism. In some economies, it is possible to combine a considerable concentration of decision-making authority and information in a few large corporations with substantial state involvement and yet to have no system of planning as such...To identify an economy as planned does not necessarily reveal the prevalent coordinating mechanism, or for that matter, the degree of centralization in decision making. Both depend on the type of planning mechanism.

[3] Alec Nove (1987), "planned economy", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 879-80.

[4] Ellman, Michael (1989). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 25. ISBN 0-521-35866-3. Planning in the traditional model is primarily an activity that takes place in physical terms. That is, it is concerned with allocating tonnes of this, cubic metres of that, etc. rather than being concerned with allocating financial flows.

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