Pubertas

Pubertas atau baligh adalah proses perubahan fisik saat tubuh anak berubah menjadi tubuh dewasa (datang dewasa) yang mampu melakukan reproduksi seksual. Proses ini dimulai dengan sinyal hormonal dari otak ke gonad: ovarium pada anak perempuan, testis pada anak laki-laki. Menanggapi sinyal tersebut, gonad memproduksi hormon yang merangsang libido dan pertumbuhan, fungsi, dan transformasi otak, tulang, otot, darah, kulit, rambut, payudara, dan organ seks. Pertumbuhan fisik (tinggi dan berat badan) meningkat pada paruh pertama masa pubertas dan selesai saat tubuh orang dewasa telah berkembang. Sebelum pubertas, organ seks luar yang dikenal sebagai ciri seksual primer merupakan ciri seks yang membedakan laki-laki dan perempuan. Pubertas mengarah pada dimorfisme seksual melalui pengembangan karakteristik seks sekunder, yang selanjutnya membedakan jenis kelamin.

Rata-rata, anak perempuan mulai pubertas pada usia 10-11 dan berakhir pada usia 15-17; anak laki-laki umumnya mulai pubertas pada usia 11-12 dan berakhir pada usia 16-18.^[1]^[2]^[3]

^ Kail, RV; Cavanaugh JC (2010). Human Development: A Lifespan View (edisi ke-5th). Cengage Learning. hlm. 296. ISBN 978-0-495-60037-4.
^ Schuiling (2016). Women's Gynecologic Health. Jones & Bartlett Learning. hlm. 22. ISBN 978-1-284-12501-6. The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually occurs around age 12 or 13.
^ D. C. Phillips (2014). Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. Sage Publications. hlm. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-4833-6475-9. On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average).

[Kail-1] Kail, RV; Cavanaugh JC (2010). Human Development: A Lifespan View (edisi ke-5th). Cengage Learning. hlm. 296. ISBN 978-0-495-60037-4.

[Schuiling-2] Schuiling (2016). Women's Gynecologic Health. Jones & Bartlett Learning. hlm. 22. ISBN 978-1-284-12501-6. The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually occurs around age 12 or 13.

[Phillips-3] D. C. Phillips (2014). Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. Sage Publications. hlm. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-4833-6475-9. On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average).

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