Samsara (Buddhisme)

Dalam Buddhisme, samsara (KBBI; Pali: saṃsāra; Sanskerta: संसारcode: sa is deprecated ) adalah siklus tanpa awal dari kelahiran berulang, keberadaan duniawi, dan kematian kembali. Samsara dianggap sebagai penderitaan (dukkha), dan secara umum tidak memuaskan dan menyakitkan,^[1] dilanggengkan oleh nafsu kehausan (taṇhā) dan ketidaktahuan (avijjā), juga dengan karma dan pengindraan yang dihasilkannya.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Berbeda dari keyakinan agama Hindu, konsep samsara dalam Buddhisme menyatakan bahwa, meskipun makhluk-makhluk hidup mengalami siklus kelahiran kembali yang tak berujung, tidak ada jiwa atau roh (atman) yang tidak berubah yang berpindah dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lainnya.^[5]^[6] Ajaran tentang tanpa-atma (tanpa-diri atau tanpa-roh) ini disebut anatta (Pali) atau anātman (Sanskerta) dalam kitab-kitab Buddhis.^{[web 1]}^[7]

Punarbawa atau kelahiran kembali terjadi di tiga puluh satu alam keberadaan, yaitu alam-alam surga (brahma dan dewa), alam manusia, dan alam-alam rendah (binatang, hantu kelaparan, jin, dan neraka).^{[note 1]} Samsara berakhir jika seseorang mencapai Nirwana,^{[note 2]} “padamnya” nafsu kehausan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas ketidakkekalan (anicca) dan realitas tanpa-atma (anatta).^[9]^[10]^[11]

^ Wilson 2010.
^ Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011, hlm. 271-272.
^ McClelland 2010, hlm. 172, 240.
^ Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012, hlm. 18–19, chapter 1.
^ Trainor 2004, hlm. 58: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.
^ Appleton 2014, hlm. 76–89.
^ [a] Humphreys 2012, hlm. 42-43
[b] Morris 2006, hlm. 51: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."
[c] Gombrich 2006, hlm. 47: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."
^ Buswell 2004, hlm. 711-712.
^ Buswell & Gimello 1992, hlm. 7–8, 83–84.
^ Choong 1999, hlm. 28–29: "Seeing (passati) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."
^ Rahula 2014, hlm. 51-58.

Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "web", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="web"/> yang berkaitan
Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "note", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="note"/> yang berkaitan

[FOOTNOTEWilson2010-1] Wilson 2010.

[FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271-272-2] Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011, hlm. 271-272.

[FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010172,_240-3] McClelland 2010, hlm. 172, 240.

[FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201218–19,_chapter_1-4] Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012, hlm. 18–19, chapter 1.

[5] Trainor 2004, hlm. 58: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.

[FOOTNOTEAppleton201476–89-6] Appleton 2014, hlm. 76–89.

[anatta3sources-8] [a] Humphreys 2012, hlm. 42-43
[b] Morris 2006, hlm. 51: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."
[c] Gombrich 2006, hlm. 47: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."

[FOOTNOTEBuswell2004711-712-9] Buswell 2004, hlm. 711-712.

[FOOTNOTEBuswellGimello19927–8,_83–84-12] Buswell & Gimello 1992, hlm. 7–8, 83–84.

[choong-13] Choong 1999, hlm. 28–29: "Seeing (passati) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."

[FOOTNOTERahula201451-58-14] Rahula 2014, hlm. 51-58.

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