Taliban

Taliban
طالبان (ṭālibān)
Bendera Taliban menampilkan syahadat
Pendiri	Mohammed Omar (Kematian karena sebab alami) Abdul Ghani Baradar
Pemimpin	Mohammed Omar (Kematian karena sebab alami) (1994–2013) Akhtar Mansour † (2015–2016) Hibatullah Akhundzada (2016–sekarang)
Waktu operasi	1994–1996 (milisi) 1996–2001 (pemerintahan pertama) 2002–2021 (pemberontak) 2021–sekarang (pemerintahan kedua)
Mematuhi	Keamiran Islam Afganistan
Kelompok	Kebanyakan Pashtun;[1][2] minoritas Tajik, Turkmen, dan Uzbek[3][4]
Markas	Kandahar, Afganistan (1994–2001) Kabul, Afganistan (2021-sekarang)
Wilayah operasi	Afganistan dan Pakistan[5]
Ideologi	Jihadisme[6] Fundamentalisme Islam[7][8][9][10][11] Islamisme Deobandi[12][8][9][13] Nasionalisme agama[14] Pashtunwali[12][15][16][17]
Jumlah anggota	Kekuatan inti - 45.000 (perk. 2001)[18] 11.000 (perk. 2008)[19] 36.000 (perk. 2010)[20] 60.000 (perk. 2014)[21] 60.000[22] (perk. 2017 tidak termasuk 90.000 milisi lokal dan 50.000 elemen pendukung) 75.000 (perk. 2021)[23][24][25]
Sekutu	Negara Sekutu  Pakistan (sampai 2001, tertuduh saat ini, ditolak)[26][27]  Qatar (tertuduh)[28][29][30]  Iran (tertuduh)[31][32][33]  Tiongkok (tertuduh)[34][35]  Rusia (tertuduh oleh Amerika Serikat, Rusia menolak keterlibatan dengan Taliban)[36]  Arab Saudi (tertuduh sampai 2013)[37][30] Sekutu Bukan Negara Lashkar-e-Taiba[38] Jaish-e-Mohammed[38] Harkat-ul-Mujahideen[38] Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (2004–2007, 2009, sejak 2017)[39][40][41] Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin[42] (sampai 2016)[43] Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan (faksi anti-ISIL)[44][45]
Lawan	Negara Lawan Republik Islam Afganistan [46]  India [47]  Amerika Serikat  Britania Raya  NATO [48] ISAF Lawan Bukan Negara Aliansi Utara Perlawanan Panjshir NIIS - Propinsi Khorasan[49][50][51] Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan (faksi pendukung ISIL)[52] Jamiat-e Islami[53] Junbish-i-Milli[53] Hezbe Wahdat[54]
Pertempuran dan perang	Perang Saudara Afganistan (1992–1996) Perang Saudara Tajikistan (1992–1997)[55] Perang Saudara Afganistan (1996–2001) Perang di Afganistan (2001–2021) Konflik Taliban-ISIS di Afghanistan Serangan Taliban 2021
Dicap sebagai organisasi teror oleh	Kanada[56]  Kazakhstan[57]  Kirgizstan[58]  Tajikistan[59]  Turki  Uni Emirat Arab[60][61]

Gerakan Taliban, sering disebut hanya sebagai Taliban atau Taleban (bahasa Persia dan Pashtun طالبان;^[62] dari bentuk jamak bahasa Arab: طالب ṭālib, "pencari"), para anggotanya menyebut organisasinya secara resmi sebagai Keamiran Islam Afganistan,^[63] adalah gerakan nasionalis Islam Deobandi pendukung Pashtun yang secara efektif menguasai hampir seluruh wilayah Afganistan sejak 1996 sampai 2001 serta kembali menguasai Afganistan pada 2021. Saat ini, Taliban adalah satu dari dua entitas politik yang sama-sama mengklaim sebagai pemerintah yang sah atas Afganistan di samping pihak Republik.

Kelompok Taliban dibentuk pada September 1994, mendapat dukungan dari Amerika Serikat dan Pakistan.^[64] Kelompok ini mendapat pengakuan diplomatik hanya dari tiga negara: Uni Emirat Arab, Pakistan, dan Arab Saudi, serta pemerintah Republik Chechnya Ichkeria yang tidak diakui dunia. Anggota-anggota paling berpengaruh dari Taliban, termasuk Mullah Mohammed Omar, pemimpin gerakan ini, adalah mullah desa (pelajar yunior agama Islam), yang sebagian besar belajar di madrasah di Pakistan. Gerakan ini terutama berasal dari Pashtun di Afganistan, serta Provinsi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa di Pakistan, dan juga mencakup banyak sukarelawan dari Arab, Eurasia, serta Asia Selatan.

1. ^ Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). Decoding the new Taliban: insights from the Afghan field. Columbia University Press. hlm. 249. ISBN 978-0-231-70112-9. 
2. ^ Clements, Frank A. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict). ABC-CLIO. hlm. 219. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. 
3. ^ Bezhan, Frud. "Ethnic Minorities Are Fueling the Taliban's Expansion in Afghanistan". Foreign Policy (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-08-26. 
4. ^ "The Non-Pashtun Taleban of the North: A case study from Badakhshan – Afghanistan Analysts Network". www.Afghanistan-Analysts.org. 3 January 2017. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2018. 
5. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Taliban have opened office in Waziristan (Pakistan).
6. ^ Bowman, Bradley and McMaster, H.R. (15 August 2021). "In Afghanistan, the Tragic Toll of Washington Delusion". The Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal 17 August 2021. The Taliban militants display the jihadist group's flag after taking control of Jalalabad, Afghanistan, Aug. 15. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
7. ^ Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
8. ^ ^{a b} Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U. S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001
9. ^ ^{a b} Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8. 
10. ^ Ogata, Sadako N. (2005). The Turbulent Decade: Confronting the Refugee Crises of the 1990s. W. W. Norton & Company. hlm. 286. ISBN 978-0-393-05773-7. 
11. ^ McNamara, Melissa (31 August 2006). "The Taliban In Afghanistan". CBS. Diakses tanggal 5 June 2016. 
12. ^ ^{a b} "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013. 
13. ^ "Taliban - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". oxfordislamicstudies.com. 
14. ^ "Afghan Taliban". National Counterterrorism Center. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 May 2015. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2015.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
15. ^ Rashid, Taliban (2000)
16. ^ "Why are Customary Pashtun Laws and Ethics Causes for Concern? | Center for Strategic and International Studies". Csis.org. 19 October 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 November 2010. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
17. ^ "Understanding taliban through the prism of Pashtunwali code". CF2R. 30 November 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 August 2014. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
18. ^ "Taliban and the Northern Alliance". US Gov Info. About.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-01-01. Diakses tanggal 26 November 2009. 
19. ^ 9/11 seven years later: US 'safe,' South Asia in turmoil Diarsipkan 10 January 2015 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
20. ^ Hamilton, Fiona; Coates, Sam; Savage, Michael (3 March 2010). "MajorGeneral Richard Barrons puts Taleban fighter numbers at 36000". The Times. London. 
21. ^ "Despite Massive Taliban Death Toll No Drop in Insurgency". Voice of America. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 July 2016. Diakses tanggal 17 July 2014.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
22. ^ "Afghanistan's Security Forces Versus the Taliban: A Net Assessment". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 14 January 2021. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-08-15. Diakses tanggal 14 August 2021. 
23. ^ "Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan". The White House. 8 July 2021. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 July 2021. Diakses tanggal 17 August 2021.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
24. ^ "Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations". The New York Times. 14 August 2021. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 August 2021. Diakses tanggal 17 August 2021.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
25. ^ "Taliban's Afghanistan takeover raises big questions for U.S. security chiefs". NBC News. 16 August 2021. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-09-01. Diakses tanggal 17 August 2021.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
26. ^ "The Taliban – Mapping Militant Organizations". web.stanford.edu. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2019. 
27. ^ "Taliban Leader Feared Pakistan Before He Was Killed". New York Times. 9 August 2017. 
28. ^ "Qatar's Dirty Hands". National Review. 3 August 2017. 
29. ^ "Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy". Pajhwok Afghan News. 7 August 2017. 
30. ^ ^{a b} "Why did Saudi Arabia and Qatar, allies of the US, continue to fund the Taliban after the 2001 war?". scroll.in. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2018. 
31. ^ "Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials". Middle East Institute. 9 January 2017. Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it. 
32. ^ Kugelman, Michael. "What Was Mullah Mansour Doing in Iran?". foreignpolicy.com.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
33. ^ "Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms". The Wall Street Journal. 11 June 2015. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2015. 
34. ^ Small, Andrew (23 August 2015). "China's Man in the Taliban". Foreign Policy Argument. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019. 
35. ^ Danahar, Paul (3 September 2007). "Taleban 'getting Chinese arms'". BBC. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019. 
36. ^ "Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban?". BBC News. April 2018. 
37. ^ Diplomat, Samuel Ramani, The. "What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?". The Diplomat. 
38. ^ ^{a b c} Waldman, Matt (June 2010). "The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents" (PDF). Crisis States Working Papers. Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science (series no.2, no. 18): 3. In the 1980s the ISI was instrumental in supporting seven Sunni Muslim mujahedeen groups in their jihad against the Soviets, and was the principal conduit of covert US and Saudi funding. It subsequently played a pivotal rôle in the emergence of the Taliban (Coll 2005:292) and Pakistan provided significant political, financial, military and logistical support to the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan (1996–2001)(Rashid 2001). 
39. ^ Shehzad, Mohammad (10 March 2006). "Why is the Pakistan army scared of this man?". in.rediff.com. rediff. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 December 2007. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. Baitullah was appointed as Mullah Omar's governor of the Mehsud tribe in a special ceremony attended by five leading Taliban commanders 
40. ^ Gall, Carlotta (26 March 2009). "Pakistan and Afghan Taliban Close Ranks". The New York Times. Islamabad, Pakistan. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. The Afghan Taliban delegation urged the Pakistani Taliban leaders to settle their internal differences, scale down their activities in Pakistan and help counter the planned increase of American forces in Afghanistan, the fighters said. 
41. ^ Zahid, Farhan (15 April 2019). "Profile of New TTP Chief Mufti Noor Wali Mehsud: Challenges and Implications" (PDF). pakpips.com. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pak Institute for Peace Studies. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. According to Mehsud, the real jihad is against US forces in occupied Afghanistan to restore the Islamic Emirate while using tribal areas of Pakistan as base of operations and safe haven for both Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He further explains the goals and aims of the jihadi movement as: maintaining the independent status for Mehsud tribe, defeating the US in Afghanistan, establishing caliphate in Afghanistan 
42. ^ "Afghan militant fighters 'may join Islamic State'". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2017. 
43. ^ "Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal". Al Jazeera. 29 September 2016. 
44. ^ "Why Central Asian states want peace with the Taliban". DW News. 27 March 2018. "Taliban have assured Russia and Central Asian countries that it would not allow any group, including the IMU, to use Afghan soil against any foreign state," Muzhdah said. 
45. ^ Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (14 June 2016). "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse". Long War Journal. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2017. 
46. ^ "Rare look at Afghan National Army's Taliban fight". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014. 
47. ^ "Dealing With the Taliban: India's Strategy in Afghanistan After U.S. Withdrawal". Carnegie India. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2020. 
48. ^ "Taliban attack NATO base in Afghanistan – Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera English. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014. 
49. ^ "ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban". 12 January 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2015.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
50. ^ "ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other". Khaama Press. 20 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015. 
51. ^ "Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'". Rudaw. 13 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015. 
52. ^ "Taliban say gap narrowing in talks with US over Afghanistan troop withdrawal". Military Times. 5 May 2019. 
53. ^ ^{a b} "Afghanistan's warlord vice-president spoiling for a fight with the Taliban". The Guardian. 4 August 2015. 
54. ^ Ibrahimi, Niamatullah. 2009. "Divide and Rule: State Penetration in Hazarajat (Afghanistan) from Monarchy to the Taliban", Crisis States Working Papers (Series 2) 42, London: Crisis States Research Centre, LSE
55. ^ Jonson, Lena (25 August 2006). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. ISBN 9781845112936. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 17 December 2014.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
56. ^ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada (dipublikasikan tanggal 21 June 2019). 3 February 2021. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2021. 
57. ^ "The list of prohibited foreign organizations in Kazakhstan". Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 28 November 2019. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2020. 
58. ^ "List of terrorist and extremist organizations banned in Kyrgyzstan". 24.kg. 5 April 2017. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2020. 
59. ^ "The list of terrorists and extremists". National Bank of Tajikistan. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2020. 
60. ^ "43 new designations specifically address threats posed by Qatar linked and based Al Qaida Terrorism Support Networks". Emirates News Agency. 9 June 2017. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2020. 
61. ^ "UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain declare details of new terror designations". Emirates News Agency. 25 July 2017. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2020. 
62. ^ "طالب کی است و چه می‌خواهد؟". هشت صبح (dalam bahasa Persia). 2013-06-23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-08-21. Diakses tanggal 2021-08-21. 
63. ^ Directorate of Intelligence (2001). "CIA – The World Factbook – Afghanistan". Diarsipkan dari versi asli (mirror) tanggal 2012-10-19. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2008. note – the self-proclaimed Taliban government refers to the country as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 
64. ^ Susilo, Taufik Adi. Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Dunia Abad 20. Javalitera. Yogyakarta 2010. Halaman 391