Lemah

Lemah, ingkang ugi dipunsebat bumi utawi regol, kawangun saking bahan organik, mineral, gas, cairan, lan makhluk ingkang ndhukung uripipun tetuwuhan lan makhluk ingkang gesang wonten ing lemah. Pangertosan ilmiah nyawisaken bedanipun regol lan lemah kanthi netepaken bilih regol menika lemah ingkang dipunpindhah, ingkang ngemot fase padhet saking mineral lan bahan organik, fase pori kanggé gas, lan banyu. Lemah kawangun saking padhetan, cairan, lan gas, nggadhahi sistem telung wujud.^[1]^[2]^[3] Wonten ing proses pembentukanipun, lemah dipunpengaruhi déning iklim, relief wilayah, makhluk hidup, lan bahan induk ingkang dados asalipun nalika wekdal. Lemah teras-terasan ngalami evolusi liwat proses fisik, kimia, lan biologi, kalebet cuaca lan erosi.^[4] Amargi kompleksitas lan keterkaitanipun, lemah dipunanggep minangka ekosistem déning ahli ekologi lemah.^[5]

Lemah dipunwontenaken dening lapisan tanah ingkang dipunsebat pedosphere, ingkang minangka salah satunggaling komponen penting ingkang gadhah interaksi kalihan lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, lan biosphere. Kedah dipunmangertosi bilih kekandelan garing tanah punika umumipun antawis 1.1 ngantos 1.6 g/cm3, nanging kekandelan partikelipun langkung dhuwur, antawis 2.6 ngantos 2.7 g/cm3.^[6] Ingkang langkung wigati, sebagéyan ageng tanah ing Bumi punika umuripun sanes langkung sepuh tinimbang Pleistocene, lan boten wonten ingkang langkung sepuh tinimbang Cenozoic, sanajan wonten lemah fosil saking jaman Archean.^[7]^[8]

Tanah gadhah peran utami ingkang kaping sekawan: minangka media tumuwuhing tetuwuhan, sarana panyimpenan, pasokan, lan penyucian banyu, modhifikasi atmosfer lemah, lan papan panggenan kanggé makhluk hidup, ingkang ing gilirannipun ngowahi tanah lan sipat-sipatipun. Kajawi punika, pedosphere minangka bagéyan saking sistem lemah ingkang penting, ingkang ngemot kabeh unsur ingkang kasebat ing ndhuwur lan damel minangka dasar kanggé kawontenan gesang ing Bumi.

↑ Voroney, R. Paul; Heck, Richard J. (2007). "The soil habitat". Ing Paul, Eldor A. (èd.). Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry (édhisi ka-3rd). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. kc. 25–49. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-047514-1.50006-8. ISBN 978-0-12-546807-7. Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 10 Juli 2018. Dibukak ing 27 Maret 2022.
↑ Taylor, Sterling A.; Ashcroft, Gaylen L. (1972). Physical edaphology: the physics of irrigated and nonirrigated soils. San Francisco, California: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0818-6.
↑ McCarthy, David F. (2014). Essentials of soil mechanics and foundations: basic geotechnics (édhisi ka-7th). London, United Kingdom: Pearson. ISBN 9781292039398. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 16 October 2022. Dibukak ing 27 March 2022.
↑ Huggett, Richard John (2011). "What is geomorphology?". Fundamentals of geomorphology. Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography Series (édhisi ka-3rd). London, United Kingdom: Routledge. kc. 148–150. ISBN 978-0-203-86008-3. Dibukak ing 16 October 2022.^{[pranala mati permanèn]}
↑ Ponge, Jean-François (2015). "The soil as an ecosystem". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 51 (6): 645–648. Bibcode:2015BioFS..51..645P. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1016-1. S2CID 18251180. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.
↑ Yu, Charley; Kamboj, Sunita; Wang, Cheng; Cheng, Jing-Jy (2015). "Data collection handbook to support modeling impacts of radioactive material in soil and building structures" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. kc. 13–21. Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 4 August 2018. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.
↑ Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A. (2011). Soil genesis and classification (édhisi ka-6th). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-96060-8. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 22 April 2023. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.
↑ Retallack, Gregory J.; Krinsley, David H.; Fischer, Robert; Razink, Joshua J.; Langworthy, Kurt A. (2016). "Archean coastal-plain paleosols and life on land" (PDF). Gondwana Research. 40: 1–20. Bibcode:2016GondR..40....1R. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2016.08.003. Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 13 November 2018. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.

[1] Voroney, R. Paul; Heck, Richard J. (2007). "The soil habitat". Ing Paul, Eldor A. (èd.). Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry (édhisi ka-3rd). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. kc. 25–49. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-047514-1.50006-8. ISBN 978-0-12-546807-7. Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 10 Juli 2018. Dibukak ing 27 Maret 2022.

[2] Taylor, Sterling A.; Ashcroft, Gaylen L. (1972). Physical edaphology: the physics of irrigated and nonirrigated soils. San Francisco, California: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0818-6.

[3] McCarthy, David F. (2014). Essentials of soil mechanics and foundations: basic geotechnics (édhisi ka-7th). London, United Kingdom: Pearson. ISBN 9781292039398. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 16 October 2022. Dibukak ing 27 March 2022.

[4] Huggett, Richard John (2011). "What is geomorphology?". Fundamentals of geomorphology. Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography Series (édhisi ka-3rd). London, United Kingdom: Routledge. kc. 148–150. ISBN 978-0-203-86008-3. Dibukak ing 16 October 2022.^{[pranala mati permanèn]}

[5] Ponge, Jean-François (2015). "The soil as an ecosystem". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 51 (6): 645–648. Bibcode:2015BioFS..51..645P. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1016-1. S2CID 18251180. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.

[Yu2015-6] Yu, Charley; Kamboj, Sunita; Wang, Cheng; Cheng, Jing-Jy (2015). "Data collection handbook to support modeling impacts of radioactive material in soil and building structures" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. kc. 13–21. Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 4 August 2018. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.

[Buol-7] Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A. (2011). Soil genesis and classification (édhisi ka-6th). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-96060-8. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 22 April 2023. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.

[8] Retallack, Gregory J.; Krinsley, David H.; Fischer, Robert; Razink, Joshua J.; Langworthy, Kurt A. (2016). "Archean coastal-plain paleosols and life on land" (PDF). Gondwana Research. 40: 1–20. Bibcode:2016GondR..40....1R. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2016.08.003. Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 13 November 2018. Dibukak ing 3 April 2022.

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