Jiosy

Ny Jiosy na Jody dia vondrona ara-poko sy ara-pivavavahana^[1] sady firenena^[2], avy amin' ny Zanak' i Israely na Isiraelita tao amin' ny fanjakana ara-tantaran' i Israely sy i Jodà^[3], niaina taorian' ny fahababoana tany Babilôna, ary ny fivavahan' izy ireo dia ny jodaisma^[4]. Atao hoe יְהוּדִים / yehudim izy ireo amin' ny teny hebreo, Ἰουδαῖοι / Ioudaĩoi, amin' ny teny grika, ary Iudaei amin' ny teny latina. Ny Jiosy tsirairay dia mpikambana ao amin' ny vahoaka iray fantatra amin' ny fivavahany manokana, ny jodaisma, sy amin' ny firazanana ara-poko, amin' ny heviny malalaka, na dia tsy ara-pivavahana aza izany^[5]. Mifandray be ny maha foko sy ny fivavahana ary ny fiarahamonina jiosy, satria fivavaham-poko ny jodaisma^[6], saingy tsy ny foko jiosy manontolo no manaraka ny jodaisma. Na dia eo aza izany, ny Jiosy ara-pivavahana dia mihevitra ny olona niova fo ho amin' ny jodaisma ho Jiosy koa^[7].

Ny lovantsofina jiosy dia mampifandray ny razambeny amin' ny patriarika Abrahama sy Isaaka ary Jakôba (izay antsoina koa hoe Israely). Nanenika an' i Jodea na Jodia sy ny Fanjakan' i Isiraely izy ireo ary nandrafitra ny fiainany andavanandro manodidina ny Baiboly hebreo, izay ahitana ny Boky dimy ao amin' ny Torah nomena an' i Mosesy na Môizy, ny Bokin' ny mpaminany tatỳ aoriana ary asasoratra hafa. Mamaritra ny finoany, ny tantarany, ny maha firenena azy ary ny lalàna amin' ny lafiny rehetra momba ny fiainany ny Baiboly. Araka ny Baiboly dia nomen' i Iahveh Andriamanitra azy ireo io tany io.

Nifindra monina na natao sesitany avy tany Jodea ny Jiosy ary nanorim-ponenana nanerana an' izao tontolo izao, taorian' ny fiovaovan' ny tantarany. Miezaka mitazona ny fomba fiainan' ny razambeny eo anivon' ny vahoaka manodidina izay iarahany monina izy ireo, ka namolavola fomban-drazana ara-pivavahana, nahandro sy fiteny ary toetrany manokana hafa. Mifamaly amin' izany koa dia nanintona ny mponina nampiantrano azy izy ireo ary betsaka ny niova finoana ho amin' ny jodaisma tao amin' ny Empira Rômana. Ny fiantraikany sy ny halehiben' ny isan' ny olona voakasin' izany fiovam-pinoana izany dia ady hevitra eo amin' ny samy mpahay tantara. Ny tantaran' izy ireo nandritra ny roa arivo taona mahery dia voamariky ny fanenjehana, na eo amin' ny tontolo kristiana na silamo; tany Eorôpa dia nifarana tamin' ny fandripahana faobe (Shoah) izany tamin’ ny taonjato faha-20.

Ny revôlisiôna lehibe tamin' ny vanim-potoana môderina dia nitarika ho amin' ny fahaverezana na fandaozana manontolo na amin' ny ampahany amin' ny mari-pamantarana nentim-paharazana teo maro amin' izy ireo. Maro ny ezaka atao mba hamaritana azy ireo ho vondrona ara-pivavahaha, ara-poko na ara-kolontsaina, ka avahana noho izany ny Jiosy ara-poko (olona avy amin' ny vahoakan' i Israely fahiny) sy ny Jiosy ara-pivavahana (olona manaraka ny jodaisma)^[8].

Sarotra ny mombana amin' ny fomba marina ny isan' ny Jiosy ankehitriny^[9], ary anaovana fanombanana samihafa, saingy araka ny tombana natao tamin' ny taona 2016 dia manodidina ny 14,4 tapitrisa ny isan' izy ireo^[10]. Araka ny fanisana iray hafa notontosain' ny Berman Jewish DataBank tamin' ny taona 2021 dia eo anelanelan' ny 15,2 tapitrisa sy 19,9 tapitrisa izany^[11], izany hoe latsaky ny 0,2 % amin' ny mponina eran-tany. Ny ankamaroan' izy ireo dia monina any Israely sy any Etazonia, ary ny ambiny dia hita indrindra any Eorôpa, any Kanada ary any Amerika Latina.

↑ John A. Shoup III (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-59884-363-7.
↑ Jacob Neusner (1991). An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 375–. ISBN 978-0-664-25348-6. "That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel"
↑ Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. pp. 337–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. "The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"
↑ Eli Lederhendler (2001). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-19-534896-5. "Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"
↑ Amiram Gonen et Rachel Gilon (dir.), The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World, New York, Marwyn Samuels & Michael Zand, coll. "Henri Holt Reference Book, Ethnic Groups - Encyclopaedias", 1993, p. 279-280
↑ Alan Dowty (1998). The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface. University of California Press. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-520-92706-3. "Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"
↑ "BBC - Religions - Judaism: Converting to Judaism". in BBC.
↑ « Article "Juif" du dictionnaire de l’Académie française » [archive], in cnrtl.fr
↑ "Réflexions sur les évaluations du nombre de Juifs en France", in www.erudit.or [archive]
↑ Sergio DellaPergola, World Jewish Population, 2019 [archive], 2020
↑ "World Jewish Population", Jewish Data Bank, 2021 [archive].

[1] John A. Shoup III (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-59884-363-7.

[2] Jacob Neusner (1991). An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 375–. ISBN 978-0-664-25348-6. "That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel"

[3] Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. pp. 337–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. "The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"

[4] Eli Lederhendler (2001). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-19-534896-5. "Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"

[5] Amiram Gonen et Rachel Gilon (dir.), The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World, New York, Marwyn Samuels & Michael Zand, coll. "Henri Holt Reference Book, Ethnic Groups - Encyclopaedias", 1993, p. 279-280

[6] Alan Dowty (1998). The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface. University of California Press. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-520-92706-3. "Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"

[7] "BBC - Religions - Judaism: Converting to Judaism". in BBC.

[8] « Article "Juif" du dictionnaire de l’Académie française » [archive], in cnrtl.fr

[9] "Réflexions sur les évaluations du nombre de Juifs en France", in www.erudit.or [archive]

[10] Sergio DellaPergola, World Jewish Population, 2019 [archive], 2020

[11] "World Jewish Population", Jewish Data Bank, 2021 [archive].

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