Kapitalisme

Kapitalisme (Jerman: Kapitalismuscode: de is deprecated ) merupakan sistem ekonomi dan sosial yang cenderung ke arah pengumpulan kekayaan sendiri yakni modal oleh individu perseorangan tanpa gangguan sesebuah pemerintahan dan bermatlamatkan keuntungan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Takrif "individu" di sini tidak semestinya merujuk kepada orang perseorangan tetapi juga termasuk kumpulan seperti syarikat. Sistem ekonomi kapitalis digerakkan oleh kuasa pasaran dalam menentukan pengeluaran, kos, penetapan harga barang dan perkhidmatan, pelaburan dan pendapatan. Seseorang yang berpegang kepada fahaman ini yakni pemodal atau kapitalis dan dikatakan termasuk dalam kelompok "kaum modal".^[7] "Pasaran bebas" dan sistem pasaran adalah antara istilah yang sering bertukar ganti dengan kapitalisme untuk menerangkan ekonomi moden bukan komunis.

Amalan ekonomi kapitalis mengukuh di England di antara kurun ke-16 Masehi dan ke-19 Masehi. Walau bagaimanapun telah wujud ciri-ciri kapitalis sejak dulu lagi terutamanya di kalangan saudagar Zaman Pertengahan.^[8] Kapitalisme menjadi dominan di Barat semenjak berakhirnya era feudalisme.^[8] Dari England, kapitalisme merebak ke seluruh Eropah dan pada abad ke-19 dan 20, dan menjadi sistem ekonomi utama dunia yang menggerakkan era perindustrian.^[9]

Pengkritik sistem kapitalis berpendapat sistem ini mewujudkan jurang perbezaan yang ketara antara yang kaya dengan yang miskin. Sistem yang bertentangan dengan ideologi ini ialah komunisme dan sosialisme.

^ „Kapitalismus“, dalam: Wolfgang Pfeifer dkk., Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen (1993), didigitalkan Wolfgang Pfeifer dalam Digitalen Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Akademi Sains Berlin-Brandenburg. Diambil dari https://www.dwds.de/wb/etymwb/Kapitalismus pada Ogo 31, 2024. "Kapital n. ‘Vermögen, (zinstragende) Geldsumme’, entlehnt.... Kapitalismus m. auf dem Privateigentum an Produktionsmitteln und dem freien Unternehmertum beruhende Wirtschaftsform mit dem Markt als Regulativ’."
^ Zimbalist, Andrew; Sherman, Howard J.; Brown, Stuart (1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Publishing. m/s. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).
^ Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. m/s. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.
^ Jenks, Chris. Core Sociological Dichotomies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi: SAGE Publishing. m/s. 383. Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.
^ Gilpin, Robert (2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18647-4. OCLC 1076397003.
^ Sternberg, Elaine (2015). "Defining Capitalism". Economic Affairs. 35 (3): 380–396. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12141. ISSN 0265-0665. S2CID 219373247.
^ Ahmad Boestamam (1946). Testament Politik API. Lembaga Tertinggi Angkatan Pemuda Insaf Malaya. m/s. 10. Susunan ekonomi yang tidak terator pada masa ini menyebabkan timbul-nya dua klas ia-itu klas kaum modal dan klas kaum marhaen (proletar)...
^ ^a ^b Capitalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006.
^ Scott, John (2005). Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.

[:02-1] „Kapitalismus“, dalam: Wolfgang Pfeifer dkk., Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen (1993), didigitalkan Wolfgang Pfeifer dalam Digitalen Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Akademi Sains Berlin-Brandenburg. Diambil dari https://www.dwds.de/wb/etymwb/Kapitalismus pada Ogo 31, 2024. "Kapital n. ‘Vermögen, (zinstragende) Geldsumme’, entlehnt.... Kapitalismus m. auf dem Privateigentum an Produktionsmitteln und dem freien Unternehmertum beruhende Wirtschaftsform mit dem Markt als Regulativ’."

[2] Zimbalist, Andrew; Sherman, Howard J.; Brown, Stuart (1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Publishing. m/s. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).

[3] Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. m/s. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.

[4] Jenks, Chris. Core Sociological Dichotomies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi: SAGE Publishing. m/s. 383. Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.

[5] Gilpin, Robert (2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18647-4. OCLC 1076397003.

[6] Sternberg, Elaine (2015). "Defining Capitalism". Economic Affairs. 35 (3): 380–396. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12141. ISSN 0265-0665. S2CID 219373247.

[7] Ahmad Boestamam (1946). Testament Politik API. Lembaga Tertinggi Angkatan Pemuda Insaf Malaya. m/s. 10. Susunan ekonomi yang tidak terator pada masa ini menyebabkan timbul-nya dua klas ia-itu klas kaum modal dan klas kaum marhaen (proletar)...

[britannica-8] Capitalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006.

[Scott-9] Scott, John (2005). Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.

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