Kerajaan kecil India

Kerajaan-kerajaan kecil yang ada dalam India British (princely states) terdiri daripada kerajaan naungan^[1] pemerintah setempat atau kawasan yang bersekutu dengan Raj British. Walaupun kerajaan sebegini telah wujud dari sekurang-kurangnya zaman klasik sejarah India, istilah kerajaan kecil khusus merujuk ke kerajaan dalam benua kecil India sewaktu zaman Raj British yang separa berdaulat diperintah secara tidak langsung oleh British tetapi lebih daripada pemerintah setempat dan tertakluk kepada suatu pemerintahan tidak langsung atau perkara lainnya. Hal ini membenarkan kerajaan British campur tangan dalam hal ehwal dalam kerajaa-kerajaan ini serta menggubal undang-undang yang dikuatkuasakan ke atas sepelusuk India jika perlu.

Kerajaan-kerajaan ini tiba di penghujungnya apabila jajahan India merdeka pada tahun 1947. Pada tahun 1950, hampir semua kerajaan-kerajaan ini telah bersetuju menyertai baik negara pecahan India mahupun Pakistan.^[2] Penyatuan politik ini sebahagian besarnya dilakukan secara aman, kecuali beberapa kes tertentu seperti Kashmir (memerdekakan diri, namun memilih bergabung dengan India setelah diserang tentera Pakistan),^[3] Hyderabad (memerdekakan diri pada tahun 1947, kemudiannya diserang pasukan polis dan diilhak India), Junagadh (kerajaannya bersetuju bergabung dengan Pakistan, tetapi diilhak India dalam suatu pungutan suara)^[4] dan Kalat (memerdekakan diri tahun 1947, diilhak pada tahun berikutnya).^[5]^[6]^[7]

^ Ramusack 2004, halaman 85 Quote: "The British did not create the Indian princes. Before and during the European penetration of India, indigenous rulers achieved dominance through the military protection they provided to dependents and their skill in acquiring revenues to maintain their military and administrative organisations. Major Indian rulers exercised varying degrees and types of sovereign powers before they entered treaty relations with the British. What changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is that the British increasingly restricted the sovereignty of Indian rulers. The [[Syarikat Hindia Timur InggerisCompany] set boundaries; it extracted resources in the form of military personnel, subsidies or tribute payments, and the purchase of commercial goods at favourable prices, and limited opportunities for other alliances. From the 1810s onwards as the British expanded and consolidated their power, their centralised military despotism dramatically reduced the political options of Indian rulers." (p. 85)
^ Ravi Kumar Pillai of Kandamath in the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs, pages 316–319 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621
^ Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (2003). Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspectiv. New Delhi: Hari-Anand Publications Limited.
^ Aparna Pande (16 Mac 2011). Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 31–. ISBN 978-1-136-81893-6.
^ Jalal, Ayesha (2014), The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-74499-8 More than one of |authorlink= dan |author-link= specified (bantuan); More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan)
"Equally notorious was his high-handed treatment of the state of Kalat, whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action."
^ Samad, Yunas (2014). "Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 52 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1080/14662043.2014.894280.: "When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch-Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre’s response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan. By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela, Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states, which promptly merged with Pakistan, the State of Kalat became land locked and reduced to a fraction of its size. Thus Ahmed Yar Khan was forced to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948, which immediately led to the brother of the Khan, Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948, starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies."
^ Harrison, Selig S. (1981), In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1 More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan): "Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration, touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat.... it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened."

[1] Ramusack 2004, halaman 85 Quote: "The British did not create the Indian princes. Before and during the European penetration of India, indigenous rulers achieved dominance through the military protection they provided to dependents and their skill in acquiring revenues to maintain their military and administrative organisations. Major Indian rulers exercised varying degrees and types of sovereign powers before they entered treaty relations with the British. What changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is that the British increasingly restricted the sovereignty of Indian rulers. The [[Syarikat Hindia Timur InggerisCompany] set boundaries; it extracted resources in the form of military personnel, subsidies or tribute payments, and the purchase of commercial goods at favourable prices, and limited opportunities for other alliances. From the 1810s onwards as the British expanded and consolidated their power, their centralised military despotism dramatically reduced the political options of Indian rulers." (p. 85)

[2] Ravi Kumar Pillai of Kandamath in the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs, pages 316–319 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621

[3] Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (2003). Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspectiv. New Delhi: Hari-Anand Publications Limited.

[Pande2011-4] Aparna Pande (16 Mac 2011). Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 31–. ISBN 978-1-136-81893-6.

[5] Jalal, Ayesha (2014), The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-74499-8 More than one of |authorlink= dan |author-link= specified (bantuan); More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan)
"Equally notorious was his high-handed treatment of the state of Kalat, whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action."

[6] Samad, Yunas (2014). "Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 52 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1080/14662043.2014.894280.: "When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch-Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre’s response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan. By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela, Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states, which promptly merged with Pakistan, the State of Kalat became land locked and reduced to a fraction of its size. Thus Ahmed Yar Khan was forced to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948, which immediately led to the brother of the Khan, Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948, starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies."

[7] Harrison, Selig S. (1981), In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1 More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan): "Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration, touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat.... it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened."

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