Sjeverna Koreja, službeno Demokratska Narodna Republika Koreja (korejski: 조선민주주의인민공화국) je država u Istočnoj Aziji, smještena na sjevernom dijelu Korejskog poluotoka. Sam naziv Koreja nastao je od Kraljevstva Goryeo, koje se u izvorima navodi i kao Koryŏ. Glavni i najveći grad Sjeverne Koreje je Pjongjang. Sjeverna Koreja dijeli kopnenu granicu s NR Kinom na sjeveru i sjeverozapadu, uz rijeke Amnok i Tumen, te s Rusijom na sjeveroistoku, uz mali dio toka rijeke Tumen.[1] Korejska demilitarizirana zona tvori de facto granicu između Sjeverne i Južne Koreje. No, nijedna od dvije Koreje ne priznaje ovu granicu, smatrajući se, svaka, legitimnom vladom nad cijelim poluotokom.
Godine 1910., Japan je anektirao Koreju. Nakon japanske kapitulacije na kraju Drugog svjetskog rata, Sjedinjene Države i Sovjetski Savez su podijelili Koreju na dvije zone tako da je sjeverni dio pripao Sovjetima, a južni Amerikancima. Pregovori o reunifikaciji su propali tako da su 1948. godine formirane dvije zasebne države - Demokratska Narodna Republika Koreja na sjeveru i Republika Koreja na jugu. Taj je čin ubrzo doveo do sukoba oko suvrerniteta koji su kulminirali Korejskim ratom (1950. – 1953.). Iako je Korejski sporazum o primirju doveo do prekida vatre, formalni mirovni sporazum nikada nije potpisan.[2] Godine 1991., obje države su primljene u Ujedinjene narode.[3]
Sjeverna Koreja se službeno definira kao autarkična socijalistička država i održava izbore. S druge strane, međunarodna zajednica ju smatra totalitarnom diktaturom. Određeni izvori su ju nazvali i staljinističkom,[12][13][14] posebno naglašavajući kult ličnosti koji je stvoren oko lika Kim Il-sunga i njegove obitelji. Međunarodne organizacije su također ocijenile kako kršenja ljudskih prava u Sjevernoj Koreji spadaju u zasebnu kategoriju, bez paralele u suvremenom svijetu.[15][16][17] Radnička partija Koreje, koju vodi član vladajuće obitelji,[14] vladajuća je stranka u zemlji i predvodi Demokratski front za reunifikaciju domovine, čiji su članovi svi politički dužnosnici.[18]
S vremenom se Sjeverna Koreja distancirala od svjetskog komunističkog pokreta. Juche, ideologija nacionalne autarkičnosti, uvedena je u ustav kao "kreativna primjena marksizma-lenjinizma" 1972. godine.[19] Sredstva proizvodnje nalaze se u državnom vlasništvu kroz državne kompanije i kolektivizirane farme. Većina javnih servisa poput zdravstva i školstva su financirane od strane države. Krajem 90-ih godina, Sjeverna Koreja je doživjela veliku glad koja je dovela do smrti stotina tisuća civila, a država se i danas bori s proizvodnjom hrane.[20]
Sjeverna Koreja slijedi vojnu politiku znanu kao Songun.[21] Sjeverna Koreja je najmilitariziranija država u svijetu s ukupno 9,495,000 aktivnih, rezervnih i paravojnih trupa. Aktivna vojska broji oko 1,210,000 časnika te je po tome četvrta u svijetu, iza američke, kineske i indijske.[22] Također, Sjeverna Koreja posjeduje nuklearno oružje.[23][24]
- ↑ Frank Jacobs (21 February 2012). „Manchurian Trivia” (blog by expert). The New York Times. Pristupljeno 27 August 2012.
- ↑ „U.S.: N. Korea Boosting Guerrilla War Capabilities”. Associated Press. FOX News Network, LLC. 23 June 2009. Pristupljeno 4 July 2009.
- ↑ Sanger, David E. (29 May 1991). „North Korea Reluctantly Seeks U.N. Seat”. The New York Times Company. Pristupljeno 4 July 2009.
- ↑ Spencer, Richard (28 August 2007). „North Korea power struggle looms”. The Telegraph (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper) (London). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-02-27. Pristupljeno 31 October 2007. »A power struggle to succeed Kim Jong-il as leader of North Korea's Stalinist dictatorship may be looming after his eldest son was reported to have returned from semi-voluntary exile.«
- ↑ Parry, Richard Lloyd (5 September 2007). „North Korea's nuclear 'deal' leaves Japan feeling nervous”. The Times (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper of record) (London). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-07-26. Pristupljeno 31 October 2007. »The US Government contradicted earlier North Korean claims that it had agreed to remove the Stalinist dictatorship’s designation as a terrorist state and to lift economic sanctions, as part of talks aimed at disarming Pyongyang of its nuclear weapons.«
- ↑ Walsh, Lynn (8 February 2003). „The Korean crisis”. CWI online: Socialism Today, February 2003 edition, journal of the Socialist Party, CWI England and Wales. socialistworld.net, website of the committee for a worker’s international. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-12-03. Pristupljeno 31 October 2007. »Kim Jong-il's regime needs economic concessions to avoid collapse, and just as crucially needs an end to the strategic siege imposed by the US since the end of the Korean war (1950–53). Pyongyang's nuclear brinkmanship, though potentially dangerous, is driven by fear rather than by militaristic ambition. The rotten Stalinist dictatorship faces the prospect of an implosion. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, which deprived North Korea of vital economic support, the regime has consistently attempted to secure from the US a non-aggression pact, recognition of its sovereignty, and economic assistance. The US's equally consistent refusal to enter into direct negotiations with North Korea, effectively ruling out a peace treaty to formally close the 1950–53 Korean War, has encouraged the regime to resort to nuclear blackmail.«
- ↑ Brooke, James (2 October 2003). „North Korea Says It Is Using Plutonium to Make A-Bombs”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 31 October 2007. »North Korea, run by a Stalinist dictatorship for almost six decades, is largely closed to foreign reporters and it is impossible to independently check today's claims.«
- ↑ Buruma, Ian (13 March 2008). „Leader Article: Let The Music Play On”. The Times of India. Pristupljeno 27 March 2008. »North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is one of the world's most oppressive, closed, and vicious dictatorships. It is perhaps the last living example of pure totalitarianism – control of the state over every aspect of human life.«
- ↑ „Freedom in the World, 2006”. Freedom House. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-07-14. Pristupljeno 13 February 2007. »Citizens of North Korea cannot change their government democratically. North Korea is a totalitarian dictatorship and one of the most restrictive countries in the world.«
- ↑ „Economist Intelligence Unit democracy index 2006” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2007. Pristupljeno 9 October 2007.
North Korea ranked in last place (167)
- ↑ „A portrait of North Korea's new rich”. The Economist. 29 May 2008. Pristupljeno 18 June 2009. »EVERY developing country worth its salt has a bustling middle class that is transforming the country and thrilling the markets. So does Stalinist North Korea.«
- ↑
[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
- ↑ „North Korea enshrines hereditary rule”. UPI. 14 August 2013. Pristupljeno 5 September 2013.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Audrey Yoo (16 October 2013). „North Korea rewrites rules to legitimise Kim family succession”. South China Morning Post. Pristupljeno 16 October 2013.
- ↑ VII. Conclusions and Recommendadtions, „Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea”, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: p. 365, February 17, 2014, pristupljeno November 1, 2014
- ↑ „Issues North Korea”. Amnesty International UK. Pristupljeno 1 November 2014.
- ↑ „World Report 2014: North Korea”. Human Rights Watch. Pristupljeno 1 November 2014.
- ↑ „The Parliamentary System of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea” (PDF). Constitutional and Parliamentary Information. Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments (ASGP) of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. str. 5. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-03-03. Pristupljeno 1 October 2010.
- ↑ Martin, Bradley K. (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York City, New York: Thomas Dunne Books. str. 111. ISBN 0-312-32322-0. »Although it was in that 1955 speech that Kim gave full voice to his arguments for juche, he had been talking along similar lines as early as 1948.«
- ↑ „UN: North Korea's policies cause the nation's food shortages”. Pajamas Media. 23 October 2009. Pristupljeno 22 October 2011.
- ↑ H. Hodge (2003). "North Korea’s Military Strategy", Parameters, U.S. Army War College Quarterly.
- ↑ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (April 2007). „Background Note: North Korea”. United States Department of State. Pristupljeno 1 August 2007.
- ↑ „Armed forces: Armied to the hilt”. The Economist. 19 July 2011. Pristupljeno 28 July 2011.
- ↑ Anthony H. Cordesman (21 July 2011). The Korean Military Balance. Center for Strategic & International Studies. str. 156. ISBN 978-0-89206-632-2. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-10-11. Pristupljeno 28 July 2011. »The DPRK has implosion fission weapons.«