Boron

Boron, ₀₀B

boron (β-rhombohedral)[1]
Boron
Pronunciation	/ˈbɔːrɒn/ ​(BOR-on)
Allotropes	α-, β-rhombohedral, β-tetragonal (and more)
Appearance	black-brown
Standard atomic weight Ar°(B)
	[10.806, 10.821][2]
Boron in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ B ↓ Al beryllium ← boron → carbon
Group	group 13 (boron group)
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p1
Electrons per shell	2, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2349 K ​(2076 °C, ​3769 °F)
Boiling point	4200 K ​(3927 °C, ​7101 °F)
Density when liquid (at m.p.)	2.08 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	508 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	11.087 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2348 2562 2822 3141 3545 4072
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−5, −1, 0,[3] +1, +2, +3[4][5] (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.04
Ionization energies	1st: 800.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 2427.1 kJ/mol 3rd: 3659.7 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 90 pm
Covalent radius	84±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	192 pm
Spectral lines of boron
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​rhombohedral
Speed of sound thin rod	16,200 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	β form: 5–7 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)[6]
Thermal conductivity	27.4 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	~106 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[7]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−6.7·10−6 cm3/mol[8]
Mohs hardness	~9.5
CAS Number	7440-42-8
History
Discovery	Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard[9] (30 June 1808)
First isolation	Humphry Davy[10] (9 July 1808)
Isotopes of boron v e
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 10B 19.65% Preview warning: Infobox B isotopes: Abundance percentage not recognised "na=19.65%" cat#% stable 11B 80.35% Preview warning: Infobox B isotopes: Abundance percentage not recognised "na=80.35%" cat#% stable
Category: Boron view talk edit | references

Boron is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol B. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature.

Two types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature. Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table and is part of the Earth's surface. Pure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.

Plants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in detail.

Boron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808.

Boron melts at 2075 °C (3767 °F), and boils at 4000 °C (7232 °F).

1. ↑ Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1
2. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Boron". CIAAW. 2009.
3. ↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
4. ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
5. ↑ Schroeder, Melanie. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
6. ↑ Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A. (October 1973). "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron". High Temp. Sci. 5 (5): 349–57.
7. ↑ Lide, David R., ed. (2000). Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF). CRC press. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-12.
8. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
9. ↑ Gay Lussac, J.L.; Thenard, L.J. (1808). "Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique". Annales de chimie. 68: 169–174.
10. ↑ Davy H (1809). "An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 99: 39–104. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0005. S2CID 98814859.
11. ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
12. ↑ Melanie Schroeder. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} "Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
14. ↑ Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 146 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF02165219. S2CID 95777594.