Fluorine

Fluorine, ₀₀F

Liquid fluorine (at extremely low temperatures)
Fluorine
Pronunciation	/ˈflʊəriːn/ /ˈflɔːriːn/ (FLOR-een)
Allotropes	alpha, beta (see Allotropes of fluorine)
Appearance	gas: very pale yellow liquid: bright yellow solid: alpha is opaque, beta is transparent
Standard atomic weight Ar°(F)
	18.998403163(6)[1]
Fluorine in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ F ↓ Cl oxygen ← fluorine → neon
Group	group 17 (halogens)
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p5[2]
Electrons per shell	2, 7
Physical properties
Phase at STP	gas
Melting point	53.48 K ​(−219.67 °C, ​−363.41 °F)[3]
Boiling point	85.03 K ​(−188.11 °C, ​−306.60 °F)[3]
Density (at STP)	1.696 g/L[4]
when liquid (at b.p.)	1.505 g/cm3[5]
Triple point	53.48 K, ​90 kPa[3]
Critical point	144.41 K, 5.1724 MPa[3]
Heat of vaporization	6.51 kJ/mol[4]
Molar heat capacity	Cp: 31 J/(mol·K)[5] (at 21.1 °C) Cv: 23 J/(mol·K)[5] (at 21.1 °C)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 38 44 50 58 69 85
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−1, 0[6] (oxidizes oxygen)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 3.98[2]
Ionization energies	1st: 1681 kJ/mol 2nd: 3374 kJ/mol 3rd: 6147 kJ/mol (more)[7]
Covalent radius	64 pm[8]
Van der Waals radius	135 pm[9]
Spectral lines of fluorine
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​cubic
Thermal conductivity	0.02591 W/(m⋅K)[10]
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic (−1.2×10−4)[11][12]
CAS Number	7782-41-4[2]
History
Naming	after the mineral fluorite, itself named after Latin fluo (to flow, in smelting)
Discovery	André-Marie Ampère (1810)
First isolation	Henri Moissan[2] (June 26, 1886)
Named by	Humphry Davy
Isotopes of fluorine v e
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 18F trace 109.734 min β+ 18O 19F 100% stable [13]
Category: Fluorine view talk edit | references

Fluorine (symbol F) is a chemical element that is very poisonous. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 9, and its atomic mass is 19. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements.

1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Fluorine". CIAAW. 2013.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4} Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 381. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJaccaud_et_al.2000 (help)
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3} Haynes 2011, p. 4.121. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaynes2011 (help)
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 382. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJaccaud_et_al.2000 (help)
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 5.2} Compressed Gas Association 1999, p. 365. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCompressed_Gas_Association1999 (help)
6. ↑ Himmel, D.; Riedel, S. (2007). "After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That 'AuF₇' Is Actually AuF₅·F₂". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (13). 5338–5342. doi:10.1021/ic700431s.
7. ↑ Dean 1999, p. 4.6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDean1999 (help)
8. ↑ Dean 1999, p. 4.35. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDean1999 (help)
9. ↑ Matsui 2006, p. 257. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMatsui2006 (help)
10. ↑ Yaws & Braker 2001, p. 385. sfn error: no target: CITEREFYawsBraker2001 (help)
11. ↑ Mackay, Mackay & Henderson 2002, p. 72. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMackayMackayHenderson2002 (help)
12. ↑ Cheng et al. 1999. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCheng_et_al.1999 (help)
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} Chisté & Bé 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChistéBé2011 (help)