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Jaw

For the movie about a shark, see Jaws (movie).
The left side of a human lower jaw.

The jaw is the part of an animal's body that it uses to grab and chew food. In humans, the jaws are two bones in the mouth, the mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw), that let the teeth move up and down in order to chew. The mandible is joined to the skull.

However, in insects, the jaws may open left and right instead, and they are usually outside the mouth instead of inside it. Sea urchins have five jaws with one tooth each.[1][2] Some animals, even some vertebrates, do not have jaws.

The jaws of most arthropods, like this bull ant, move side to side.

A body part is called a jaw based on what it does, not what it is made of or how it grows. In different animals, it can be made of different kinds of cells and tissue. In the embryos of different animals, it may come from different original places. Even within arthropods, the group that contains insects and lobsters and trilobites and spiders, the jaws of different animals may grow from different original tissues, even though they look similar in adult animals. A pair of appendages that become jaws in one species may become antennae in a different species or legs in another.[3] Moray eels and some other fish have two sets of jaws. The outer jaws in their faces grow from the same tissues as the jaws of other fish, and the inner jaws, called pharyngeal jaws, can come from the same tissue that becomes gills or muscles in other fish.[4][5]

This sea lamprey has teeth but no jaws.

Marsupials and monotremes are born before their jaws have grown enough for them to drink their mothers' milk the way other baby mammals do. Scientists from Kings' College London found that opossums and other marsupials use tissue from their inner ear to make a temporary jaw so they can feed and grow. They found that baby echidnas also form a temporary jaw using the bones of their inner ear so they can feed and grow.[6][7]

  1. ↑ Cell Press (September 19, 2019). "These pink sea urchins have teeth that sharpen themselves". Phys.org. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  2. ↑ Horatio D. Espinosa; Alireza Zaheri; Hoang Nguyen; David Restrepo; Matthew Daly; Michael Frank; Joanna McKittrick (September 18, 2019). "In situ Wear Study Reveals Role of Microstructure on Self-Sharpening Mechanism in Sea Urchin Teeth". Matter. 1 (5): 1246–1261. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2019.08.015. S2CID 203651036. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  3. ↑ Aleksandar Popadlc; Douglas Rusch; Michael Peterson; Bryan T. Rogers; Thomas C. Kaufman (April 4, 1996). "Origin of the arthropod mandible" (PDF). Nature. 380 (6573): 395. Bibcode:1996Natur.380..395P. doi:10.1038/380395a0. S2CID 40973222. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  4. ↑ Joe Palca (September 6, 2007). "Concealed Weapon: Eels' Second Set of Teeth". NPR. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  5. ↑ Frédéric Bertucci; Laëtitia Ruppé; Sam Van Wassenbergh; Philippe Compère; Eric Parmentier (2014). "New insights into the role of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in the sound-producing mechanism of Haemulon flavolineatum (Haemulidae)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (21): 3862–3869. doi:10.1242/jeb.109025. PMID 25355850. S2CID 17225685. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  6. ↑ eLife (June 30, 2020). "Hints at jaw evolution found in marsupials and monotremes" (Press release). Eurekalert.org. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  7. ↑ Neal Anthwal; Jane Catherine Fenelon; Stephen D Johnston; Marilyn B Renfree; Abigail S Tucker (June 30, 2020). "Transient role of the middle ear as a lower jaw support across mammals". eLife. 9. doi:10.7554/eLife.57860. PMC 7363448. PMID 32600529.

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