Back Jupiter Afrikaans Jupiter (Planet) ALS ጁፒተር Amharic Chupiter (planeta) AN Þunor (tungol) ANG ब्रेस्पति ग्रह ANP المشتري Arabic جوپيتر ARY المشترى ARZ বৃহস্পতি গ্ৰহ Assamese

Jupiter

For other uses, see Jupiter (disambiguation).

Jupiter ♃
An image of Jupiter taken by the Hubble Space Telescope
Full-disc view in natural color in April 2014[a]
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈdʒuːpɪtər/ (audio speaker iconlisten)[1][page needed]
Named after
Jupiter
AdjectivesJovian /ˈdʒoʊviən/
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion816.62 Gm (5.4588 AU)
Perihelion740.52 Gm (4.9501 AU)
778.57 Gm (5.2044 AU)
Eccentricity0.0489
398.88 d
13.07 km/s (8.12 mi/s)
20.020°[3]
Inclination
100.464°
21 January 2023[5]
273.867°[3]
Known satellites95 (as of 2023)[6]
Physical characteristics[13][page needed][14]
Mean radius
69,911 km (43,441 mi)[b]
10.973 Earths
Equatorial radius
  • 71,492 km (44,423 mi)[b]
  • 11.209 Earths
Polar radius
  • 66,854 km (41,541 mi)[b]
  • 10.517 Earths
Flattening0.06487
  • 6.1469×1010 km2 (2.3733×1010 sq mi)
  • 120.4 Earths
Volume
  • 1.4313×1015 km3 (3.434×1014 cu mi)[b]
  • 1,321 Earths
Mass
  • 1.8982×1027 kg (4.1848×1027 lb)
  • 317.8 Earths
  • 1/1047 Sun[7]
Mean density
1,326 kg/m3 (2,235 lb/cu yd)[c]
24.79 m/s2 (81.3 ft/s2)[b]
2.528 g
0.2756±0.0006[8]
59.5 km/s (37.0 mi/s)[b]
9.9258 h (9 h 55 m 33 s)[2]
9.925 hours[9] (9 h 55 m 30 s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
12.6 km/s (7.8 mi/s; 45,000 km/h)
3.13° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
268.057°;  17h 52m 14s
North pole declination
64.495°
Albedo0.503 (Bond)[10]
0.538 (geometric)[11][page needed]
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar 165 K
0.1 bar 78 K 128 K 1000 k
−2.94[12][page needed] to −1.66[12][page needed]
29.8" to 50.1"
Atmosphere[15]
Surface pressure
200–600 kPa (opaque cloud deck)[16]
27 km (17 mi)
Composition by volume
Diagram of Jupiter
A series of photographs taken by Voyager 1 as it approached Jupiter, made into an animation

Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System. It is the fifth planet from the Sun.[17] Jupiter is a gas giant because it is large and made mostly of gas, gas giants are a subtype of giant planets.[18] The other giant planets in the Solar System are Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Jupiter was discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610 with a small telescope. The planet has a Great Red Spot which is located at 22 degrees south of Jupiter's equator. The great red spot produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph).

By mass, Jupiter's atmosphere is around 76% hydrogen and 24% helium. However, since helium atoms are larger than hydrogen molecules, Jupiter's upper atmosphere is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by volume. The atmosphere also contains small amounts of methane, water vapour, ammonia, and silicon-based compounds as well as trace amounts of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, small amounts of benzene and other hydrocarbons have also been found. The interior of Jupiter contains denser materials—by mass it is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements.

Jupiter was the first planet to form, and its inward migration during the primordial Solar System impacted much of the formation history of the other planets. Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen (90% by volume), followed by helium, which makes up a quarter of its mass and a tenth of its volume. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet receives from the Sun. Its internal structure is believed to comprise an outer mantle of liquid metallic hydrogen, and a diffuse inner core of denser material. Because of its rapid rotation rate of 1 rotation per 10 hours, Jupiter's shape is an oblate spheroid: it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. The most obvious result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has been observed since 1831 and possibly earlier.
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  1. ↑ Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C. (1989). "Jupiter". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861220-9.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Simon, J. L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 (2): 663–683. Bibcode:1994A&A...282..663S.
  4. ↑ Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). "The solar system's invariable plane". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: 11. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A.133S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219011. ISSN 0004-6361. A133.
  5. ↑ "HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for January 2023 Perihelion". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Jupiter's planet-center (599) occurs on 2023-Jan-21 at 4.9510113au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  6. ↑ "Planetary Satellite Discovery Circumstances". NASA JPL. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  7. ↑ "Astrodynamic Constants". JPL Solar System Dynamics. February 27, 2009. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
  8. ↑ Ni, D. (2018). "Empirical models of Jupiter's interior from Juno data". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A32. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..32N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732183.
  9. ↑ Seidelmann, P.K.; Abalakin, V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; de Burgh, C.; Lieske, J.H.; Oberst, J.; Simon, J.L.; Standish, E.M.; Stooke, P.; Thomas, P.C. (2001). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 82 (1): 83. Bibcode:2002CeMDA..82...83S. doi:10.1023/A:1013939327465. S2CID 189823009. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  10. ↑ Li, Liming; Jiang, X.; West, R. A.; Gierasch, P. J.; Perez-Hoyos, S.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Fletcher, L. N.; Fortney, J. J.; Knowles, B.; Porco, C. C.; Baines, K. H.; Fry, P. M.; Mallama, A.; Achterberg, R. K.; Simon, A. A.; Nixon, C. A.; Orton, G. S.; Dyudina, U. A.; Ewald, S. P.; Schmude, R. W. (2018). "Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3709. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3709L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06107-2. PMC 6137063. PMID 30213944.
  11. ↑ Mallama, Anthony; Krobusek, Bruce; Pavlov, Hristo (2017). "Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine". Icarus. 282: 19–33. arXiv:1609.05048. Bibcode:2017Icar..282...19M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.023. S2CID 119307693.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Mallama, A.; Hilton, J. L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
  13. ↑ Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Hestroffer, Daniel; Hilton, James L.; Krasinsky, Georgij A.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Oberst, Jürgen; Stooke, Philip J.; Tedesco, Edward F.; Tholen, David J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Williams, Iwan P. (2007). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 98 (3): 155–180. Bibcode:2007CeMDA..98..155S. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y.
  14. ↑ de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). Planetary Sciences (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2. Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
  15. ↑ Williams, David R. (2023-02-11). "Jupiter Fact Sheet". NASA GSFC. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  16. ↑ Bjoraker, G. L.; Wong, M. H.; de Pater, I.; Ádámkovics, M. (September 2015). "Jupiter's Deep Cloud Structure Revealed Using Keck Observations of Spectrally Resolved Line Shapes". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (2): 10. arXiv:1508.04795. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810..122B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/122. S2CID 55592285. 122.
  17. ↑ "What Is Jupiter?". NASA. 2014. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  18. ↑ Williams, David R. (December 23, 2021). "Jupiter Fact Sheet". NASA. [1]

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