Russian Civil War

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Russian Civil War
Part of the Russian Revolution, the aftermath of World War I, and the interwar period
Clockwise from top left: Soldiers of the Don Army Soldiers of the Siberian Army Bolshevik suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion American troops in Vladivostok during the Allied intervention Victims of the Red Terror in Crimea Hanging of Bolsheviks in Yekaterinoslav by the Austrians A review of Red Army troops in Moscow
Date 7 November 1917 – 25 October 1922[1][a] Location Former Russian Empire Result Bolshevik victory[2][3][4]
Belligerents
Soviet Union  RSFSR  BSSR  UKSSR TSFSR Regional socialist forces	White movement Russian State	Separatists: Poland Finland Ukraine Belarus Estonia  Latvia Lithuania Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Northern Caucasus
Anti-Bolshevik left: Left SRs Green Army Makhnovshchina	Allied intervention:  Japan  United Kingdom  United States  France  Czechoslovakia	Central Powers:  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire Freikorps
Commanders and leaders
Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Yakov Sverdlov # Jukums Vācietis Sergey Kamenev Nikolai Podvoisky Nikolai Krylenko Joseph Stalin Yukhym Medvedev Vilhelm Knorin Alexander Krasnoshchyokov	Alexander Kerensky  Alexander Kolchak  Lavr Kornilov † Anton Denikin Pyotr Wrangel Nikolai Yudenich Grigory Semyonov Yevgeny Miller Mikhail Diterikhs Pyotr Krasnov Roman von Ungern-Sternberg	Józef Piłsudski Symon Petliura C.G.E. Mannerheim S. Bułak-Bałachowicz Konstantin Päts Jānis Čakste Antanas Smetona Ion Inculeț Noe Zhordania A. Khatisian Nasib Yusifbeyli † Enver Pasha †
Strength
Red Army: 5,498,000 (peak)[5] Makhnovtsi: 103,000 (peak)[6] Green Army: 70,000 Kronstadt mutineers: 17,961	White Army: 1,023,000 (peak) Japanese Army: 70,000 (peak) Czechoslovak Legion: 50,000 (peak) AEF, Siberia: 7,950 British Army: 57,636[7] Romanian Army: 50,000	Polish Army: 1,000,000 (peak) Ukrainian Army: 100,000 (peak) Finnish Army: 90,000 (peak) German Army: 547,000 (peak) Ottoman Army: 20,000 (peak)
Casualties and losses
1,500,000[8]	1,500,000[8] 13,000 killed 6,500 killed 938 killed[9] 596 killed 350 killed 179 killed	250,000 125,000 5,000 3,000 killed 3,888 killed 3,046 killed 1,444 killed[10] 500 killed
7,000,000–12,000,000 total casualties 1–2 million refugees outside Russia

The Russian Civil War was a civil war that was fought from 7 November 1917 to 16 June 1922 among several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was a communist, Bolshevik group. The White Army was anti-communist and included many former Tsarist loyalists. Other forces fought both groups or sometimes helped one of them against the other. Foreign countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States sent troops to help the divided White Army. The Red Army won the war because it was better organized, more united, and held the best territory. After the war, the communists established the Soviet Union in 1922.

1. ↑ Mawdsley 2007, pp. 3, 230. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMawdsley2007 (help)
2. ↑ "Russian Civil War | Casualties, Causes, Combatants, & Outcome | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 10 May 2024.
3. ↑ Murphy, Brian (2 August 2004). Rostov in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920: The Key to Victory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-27129-0.
4. ↑ Bullock, David (6 June 2014). The Russian Civil War 1918–22. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1032-8.
5. ↑ Erickson 1984, p. 763. sfn error: no target: CITEREFErickson1984 (help)
6. ↑ Belash, Victor & Belash, Aleksandr, Dorogi Nestora Makhno, p. 340
7. ↑ Damien Wright, Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20, Solihull, UK, 2017, pp. 394, 526–528, 530–535; Clifford Kinvig, Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia 1918–1920, London 2006, ISBN 1-85285-477-4, p. 297; Timothy Winegard, The First World Oil War, University of Toronto Press (2016), p. 229
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} Smele 2016, p. 160. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmele2016 (help)
9. ↑ Wright, Damien (2017). Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20'. Solihull, UK: Helion. pp. 490–492, 498–500, 504. ISBN 978-1-911-51210-3.; Kinvig 2006, pp. 289, 315 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKinvig2006 (help); Winegard, Timothy (2016). The First World Oil War. University of Toronto Press. p. 208.
10. ↑ Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999, p. 30. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEidintasŽalysSenn1999 (help)