Soviet Union

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Other names
Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
1922–1991[1]
Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!
(Translit.: Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!)
English: Workers of the world, unite!
Anthem: "The Internationale"
(1922–1944)

"State Anthem of the Soviet Union"
(1944–1991)
The Soviet Union after World War II
The Soviet Union after World War II
Capital
and largest city
Moscow
55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.750°N 37.617°E / 55.750; 37.617
Official languagesRussian
Religion
None (State atheism)[2] (see text)
Demonym(s)Soviet
GovernmentFederal,
Marxist–Leninist single-party state
General Secretary of the CPSU 
• 1922–1952
Joseph Stalin (first)
• 1991
Vladimir Ivashko (last)
President 
• 1922–1938
Mikhail Kalinin (first)
• 1988–1991
Mikhail Gorbachev (last)
Premier 
• 1922–1924
Vladimir Lenin (first)
• 1991
Ivan Silayev (last)
LegislatureSupreme Soviet
Soviet of the Union
Soviet of Nationalities
Historical eraInterwar period / World War II / Cold War
30 December 1922
26 December 1991[1]
Area
• Total
22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi) (1st)
198922,276,060 km2 (8,600,830 sq mi)
Population
• 1989
293047571
GDP (PPP)1990 estimate
• Total
2.7 trillion (2nd)
HDI (1990)0.920
very high
CurrencySoviet ruble (руб) (SUR) (SUR)
Time zoneUTC+2 to +13
Calling code7
Internet TLD.su2
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Russia
Ukraine
Belarus
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Moldova
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Armenia
Turkmenistan
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
1On 21 December 1991, eleven of the former socialist republics declared in Alma-Ata (with the 12th republic – Georgia – attending as an observer) that with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist.
2Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards.

The Soviet Union officialy Union of Soviet Socialist Republics also known as USSR[3] was the Russian state after end of Tsarist Period and the world's first single-party Marxist–Leninist state from 1922 until 1991. It was the first country to declare itself socialist and build towards a communist society. It was a union of 14 Soviet socialist republics and one Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR).

The Soviet Union was created about five years after the Russian Revolution. It was announced after Vladimir Lenin overthrew Alexander Kerensky as Russian leader. The communist government developed industry and over time became a major, powerful union. The largest country in the Union was Russian SFSR, Kazakh SSR was the second, and Ukrainian SSR the third largest. The capital city of the Soviet Union and RSFSR was Moscow. The Soviet Union expanded its political control greatly after World War II. It took over the whole of Eastern Europe. Those countries were not made part of the Soviet Union, but they were controlled by the Soviet Union indirectly. These countries, like Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and East Germany, were called satellite states which each helped the soviet union in World War II.

The top-level committee which made the laws was the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. In practice, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader and most important decision-maker in their system of government.

Although the constitution said the Republics could leave the Union if they wanted, it was a completely centralized government, with no states' rights for the member countries.

The Union was formed with the idea to give everyone equal social and economic rights (equality). There was virtually no private property—everything belonged to the state (public property was an idea discussed by Karl Marx, and formed the basis for socialism) 'Soviets', or workers' councils, were created by the working class to lead the socialist state democratically, but they soon lost power with the rise of Stalinism. The Union was successful in many fields, putting the first man, first woman, and first satellite into space, defeating Hitler's Nazi Germany and winning World War II, together with the United States and United Kingdom, helping build infrastructure, as well as schools and hospitals in many third-world countries. However, its centralized government found innovation and change difficult to handle. The Union collapsed in 1991 due to the failed efforts to reform the country by its 8th Leader and the 10th President, Mikhail Gorbachev, leaving behind Russian Federation in its place along with 14 other nations.

  1. Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. (in Russian)
  2. "73 Years of State Atheism in the Soviet Union, ended amid collapse in 1990". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
  3. Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик/Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik

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