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Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk)
Z Name Symbol complete main group val note
 
1 hydrogen H −1, 0, +1 (an amphoteric oxide) −1, +1 1 I
2 helium He 0 0 18 0
3 lithium Li 0[1], +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
4 beryllium Be 0,[2] +1,[3] +2 (an amphoteric oxide) +2 2 II
5 boron B −5, −1, 0,[4] +1, +2, +3[5][6] (a mildly acidic oxide) +3 13 III
6 carbon C −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[7] +2, +3,[8] +4[9] (a mildly acidic oxide) −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 14 IV
7 nitrogen N −3, −2, −1, 0,[10] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a strongly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V
8 oxygen O −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 −2 16 VI
9 fluorine F −1, 0[11] (oxidizes oxygen) −1 17 VII
10 neon Ne 0 0 18 0
11 sodium Na −1, 0,[12] +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
12 magnesium Mg 0,[13] +1,[14] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
13 aluminium Al −2, −1, 0,[15] +1,[16] +2,[17] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III
14 silicon Si −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[18] +1,[19] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 14 IV
15 phosphorus P −3, −2, −1, 0,[20] +1,[21] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V
16 sulfur S −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
17 chlorine Cl −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII
18 argon Ar 0 0 18 0
19 potassium K −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
20 calcium Ca +1,[22] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
21 scandium Sc 0,[23] +1,[24] +2,[25] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 3 III
22 titanium Ti −2, −1, 0,[26] +1, +2, +3, +4[27] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +4 4 IV
23 vanadium V −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +4, +5 5 V
24 chromium Cr −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +6 6 VI
25 manganese Mn −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +4, +6, +7 7 VII
26 iron Fe −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[28] +2, +3, +4, +5,[29] +6, +7[30] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3 8 VIII
27 cobalt Co −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[31] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3 9 VIII
28 nickel Ni −2, −1, 0, +1,[32] +2, +3, +4[33] (a mildly basic oxide) +2 10 VIII
29 copper Cu −2, 0,[34] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +1, +2 11 I
30 zinc Zn −2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide) +2 12 II
31 gallium Ga −5, −4, −3,[35] −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3[36] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III
32 germanium Ge −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[37] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +4 14 IV
33 arsenic As −3, −2, −1, 0,[38] +1,[39] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V
34 selenium Se −2, −1, 0,[40] +1,[41] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
35 bromine Br −1, 0, +1, +2,[42] +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5 17 VII
36 krypton Kr 0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) 0 18 0
37 rubidium Rb −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
38 strontium Sr +1,[43] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
39 yttrium Y 0,[44] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 3 III
40 zirconium Zr −2, 0, +1,[45] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 4 IV
41 niobium Nb −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +5 5 V
42 molybdenum Mo −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[46] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) +4, +6 6 VI
43 technetium Tc −3, −1, 0, +1,[47] +2, +3,[47] +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) +4, +7 7 VII
44 ruthenium Ru −4, −2, 0, +1,[48] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3, +4 8 VIII
45 rhodium Rh −3[49], −1, 0, +1,[50] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7[51] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 9 VIII
46 palladium Pd 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[52] (a mildly basic oxide) 0, +2, +4 10 VIII
47 silver Ag −2, −1, 0,[53] +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +1 11 I
48 cadmium Cd −2, +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) +2 12 II
49 indium In −5, −2, −1, 0,[54] +1, +2, +3[55] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III
50 tin Sn −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[56] +1,[57] +2, +3,[58] +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +4 14 IV
51 antimony Sb −3, −2, −1, 0,[59] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +3, +5 15 V
52 tellurium Te −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
53 iodine I −1, 0, +1, +2,[60] +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII
54 xenon Xe 0, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) 0 18 0
55 caesium Cs −1, +1[61] (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
56 barium Ba +1, +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
57 lanthanum La 0,[44] +1,[62] +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
58 cerium Ce +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +3, +4 f-block groups -
59 praseodymium Pr 0,[44] +1,[63] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
60 neodymium Nd 0,[44] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
61 promethium Pm +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
62 samarium Sm 0,[44] +1,[64] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
63 europium Eu 0,[44] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +2, +3 f-block groups -
64 gadolinium Gd 0,[44] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
65 terbium Tb 0,[44] +1,[62] +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
66 dysprosium Dy 0,[44] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
67 holmium Ho 0,[44] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
68 erbium Er 0,[44] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
69 thulium Tm 0,[44] +1,[62] +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
70 ytterbium Yb 0,[44] +1,[62] +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
71 lutetium Lu 0,[44] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 3 III
72 hafnium Hf −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 4 IV
73 tantalum Ta −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +5 5 V
74 tungsten W −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) +4, +6 6 VI
75 rhenium Re −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3, +4, +7 7 VII
76 osmium Os −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) +2, +3, +4, +8 8 VIII
77 iridium Ir −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9[65] +1, +3, +4 9 VIII
78 platinum Pt −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly basic oxide) +2, +4 10 VIII
79 gold Au −3, −2, −1, 0,[66] +1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +1, +3 11 I
80 mercury Hg −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) +1, +2 12 II
81 thallium Tl −5,[67] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +1, +3 13 III
82 lead Pb −4, −2, −1, 0,[68] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +4 14 IV
83 bismuth Bi −3, −2, −1, 0,[69] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3 15 V
84 polonium Po −2, +2, +4, +5,[70] +6 (an amphoteric oxide) −2, +2, +4 16 VI
85 astatine At −1, +1, +3, +5, +7[71] −1, +1 17 VII
86 radon Rn 0, +2, +6 0 18 0
87 francium Fr +1 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
88 radium Ra +2 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
89 actinium Ac +3 (a strongly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups -
90 thorium Th −1,[72] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +4 f-block groups -
91 protactinium Pa +2, +3, +4, +5 (a weakly basic oxide) +5 f-block groups -
92 uranium U −1,[72] +1, +2, +3,[73] +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide) +4, +6 f-block groups -
93 neptunium Np +2, +3, +4,[74] +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) +5 f-block groups -
94 plutonium Pu +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 f-block groups -
95 americium Am +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 f-block groups -
96 curium Cm +3, +4, +5,[75] +6[76] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 f-block groups -
97 berkelium Bk +2, +3, +4, +5[75] +3 f-block groups -
98 californium Cf +2, +3, +4, +5[77][75] +3 f-block groups -
99 einsteinium Es +2, +3, +4 +3 f-block groups -
100 fermium Fm +2, +3 +3 f-block groups -
101 mendelevium Md +2, +3 +3 f-block groups -
102 nobelium No +2, +3 +2 f-block groups -
103 lawrencium Lr +3 +3 3 III
104 rutherfordium Rf (+2), (+3), +4[78][79][80] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), +4 (parenthesized: prediction) 4 IV
105 dubnium Db (+3), (+4), +5[79][80] (parenthesized: prediction) +5 5 V
106 seaborgium Sg 0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6[79][80] (parenthesized: prediction) (+4), +6 (parenthesized: prediction) 6 VI
107 bohrium Bh (+3), (+4), (+5), +7[79][80] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (parenthesized: prediction) 7 VII
108 hassium Hs (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[81][80][82] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), (+4) (parenthesized: prediction) 8 VIII
109 meitnerium Mt (+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (predicted)[79][83][84][80] (+1), (+3), (+6) (predicted) 9 VIII
110 darmstadtium Ds (0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[79][80] (0), (+2), (+4) (predicted) 10 VIII
111 roentgenium Rg (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (predicted)[79][80][85] (+3) (predicted) 11 I
112 copernicium Cn 0, (+1), +2, (+4), (+6) (parenthesized: prediction)[79][86][80][87] 0, +2 12 II
113 nihonium Nh (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[79][80][88] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 13 III
114 flerovium Fl (0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)[79][80][89] (+2) (predicted) 14 IV
115 moscovium Mc (+1), (+3) (predicted)[79][80] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 15 V
116 livermorium Lv (−2),[90] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[79] (+2) (predicted) 16 VI
117 tennessine Ts (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[80][79] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 17 VII
118 oganesson Og (−1),[79] (0), (+1),[91] (+2),[92] (+4),[92] (+6)[79] (predicted) (+2), (+4) (predicted) 18 0
119 ununennium Uue (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[79][93] (+1) (predicted) 1 I
120 unbinilium Ubn (+1),[94] (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)[79][93] (+2) (predicted) 2 II
121 unbiunium Ubu (+1), (+3) (predicted)[79][95] (+3) (predicted) g-block groups -
122 unbibium Ubb (+4) (predicted)[96] (+4) (predicted) g-block groups -
123 unbitrium Ubt (+5) (predicted)[96] (+5) (predicted) g-block groups -
124 unbiquadium Ubq (+6) (predicted)[96] (+6) (predicted) g-block groups -
125 unbipentium Ubp (+1), (+6), (+7) (predicted)[96] (+6), (+7) (predicted) g-block groups -
126 unbihexium Ubh (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[96] (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted) g-block groups -
  1. ↑ Li(0) atoms have been observed in various small lithium-chloride clusters; see Milovanović, Milan; Veličković, Suzana; Veljkovićb, Filip; Jerosimić, Stanka (October 30, 2017). "Structure and stability of small lithium-chloride LinClm(0,1+) (n ≥ m, n = 1–6, m = 1–3) clusters". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (45): 30481–30497. doi:10.1039/C7CP04181K. PMID 29114648.
  2. ↑ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
  3. ↑ "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  4. ↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
  5. ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
  6. ↑ Schroeder, Melanie. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
  7. ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  8. ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  9. ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  10. ↑ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in Ronald A. Henry and William G. Finnegan, "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole", _J. Am. Chem. Soc._ (1954), 76, 1, 290–291, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01630a086.
  11. ↑ Himmel, D.; Riedel, S. (2007). "After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That 'AuF7' Is Actually AuF5·F2". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (13). 5338–5342. doi:10.1021/ic700431s.
  12. ↑ The compound NaCl has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual stoichiometries under high pressure, including Na3Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see Zhang, W.; Oganov, A. R.; Goncharov, A. F.; Zhu, Q.; Boulfelfel, S. E.; Lyakhov, A. O.; Stavrou, E.; Somayazulu, M.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Konôpková, Z. (2013). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1310.7674. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. PMID 24357316. S2CID 15298372.
  13. ↑ Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na2Mg22+ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..717R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w. PMID 33911274. S2CID 233447380
  14. ↑ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620.. See also Low valent magnesium compounds.
  15. ↑ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI 6973516.
  16. ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
  17. ↑ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
  18. ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  19. ↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
  20. ↑ Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460.
  21. ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
  22. ↑ Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
  23. ↑ Cloke, F. Geoffrey N.; Khan, Karl & Perutz, Robin N. (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
  24. ↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..113S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. S2CID 96908213.
  25. ↑ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1584M. doi:10.1063/1.1731452.
  26. ↑ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6:[Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
  27. ↑ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
  28. ↑ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ–a4Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.
  29. ↑ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
  30. ↑ Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.
  31. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1117–1119. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  32. ↑ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
  33. ↑ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
  34. ↑ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
  35. ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
  36. ↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
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  40. ↑ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003. ISSN 1387-7003.
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  42. ↑ Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide radical; see Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction
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  48. ↑ "Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
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  51. ↑ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio‐Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). "The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. doi:10.1002/anie.202207688. PMC 9544489. PMID 35818987.
  52. ↑ Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). "Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700450104. PMC 1876520. PMID 17470819.
  53. ↑ Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. doi:10.1021/ja00427a018.
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