Variance

In probability theory and statistics, the variance is a way to measure how far a set of numbers is spread out. Variance describes how much a random variable differs from its expected value. The variance is defined as the average of the squares of the differences between the individual (observed) and the expected value. This means that it is always positive. A variance is often represented by the symbol ${\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}}$, if the data is the entire population, and ${\displaystyle s^{2}}$, if the data is from a sample.^[1][2][3]

In practice, variance is a measure of how much something changes. For example, temperature has more variance in Moscow than in Hawaii.

The variance is not simply the average difference from the expected value. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance and comes closer to the average difference, is also not simply the average difference. Variance and standard deviation are used because it makes the mathematics easier—when adding two random variables together.

In accountancy, a variance refers to the difference between the budget for a cost, and the actual cost.

1. ↑ "List of Probability and Statistics Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
2. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Variance". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
3. ↑ "Standard Deviation and Variance". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-09-11.