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Yahudiler

Bu madde etno-dinî bir grup olan Yahudiler hakkındadır. Bu milletin kolektif mistik inancı için Yahudilik sayfasına bakınız. En büyük etnik kolu için Aşkenazi Yahudileri sayfasına, ikinci büyük etnik kolu için Sefaradi Yahudileri sayfasına, üçüncü büyük etnik kolu için Mizrahi Yahudileri sayfasına bakınız.
Yahudiler
יְהוּדִים (Yehudim)
Yahudi milletinin millî sembolü olan Davud'un Yıldızı
Toplam nüfus
14,6-17,8 milyon[1][2][3][4]

(2018, tahminî)
Önemli nüfusa sahip bölgeler
 İsrail    6.558.100-7.000.000[1]
 Birleşik Devletler5.700.000-10.000.000[1]
 Fransa453.000-530.000[1]
 Batı Şeria404.000-413.000[1]
 Kanada390.000-550.000[1]
 Birleşik Krallık290.000-370.000[1]
 Arjantin180.000-330.000[1]
 Rusya172.000-440.000[1]
 Almanya116.000-225.000[1]
 Avustralya113.000-140.000[1]
 Brezilya93.000-150.000[1]
 Güney Afrika69.000-80.000[1]
 Ukrayna50.000-78.000[1]
 Macaristan47.000-50.000[1]
 Meksika40.000-45.000[1]
 Hollanda29.800-52.000[1]
 Belçika29.200-40.000[1]
 İtalya27.500-35.000[1]
  İsviçre18.500-30.000[1]
 Şili18.000-27.000[1]
 Uruguay16.700-26.000[1]
 Türkiye15.000-22.500[1]
 İsveç13.000-20.000[1]
 İran8.500-11.000[1]
 Azerbaycan7.100-10.300[1]
 Yeni Zelanda7.000-10.500[1]
 Danimarka6.400-7.800[1]
 Polonya4.500-7.700[1]
 Hindistan4.000-5.200[1]
 Litvanya4.700-8.000[1]
 Yunanistan4.200-5.500[1]
 Çekya3.900-5.000[1]
Diller
Ağırlıklı:[5]

Geleneksel:

Kutsal:
Din
Yahudilik,[6] azınlık dinsiz[7][8]
İlgili etnik gruplar
Makale serilerinden
Yahudiler ve Yahudilik
Etimoloji • Kim bir Yahudi'dir?
İnanç
Metinler
Tanah
Talmud
Rabbânîk
Topluluklar
İlişkili gruplar
Nüfus
İsrail Diyarı
Avrupa
Asya
Afrika
Kuzey Amerika
Latin Amerika ve Karayipler
Okyanusya
Mezhepler
Kültür
Müzik
Mutfak
Literatür
Diller
Tarih
Politika
Siyonizm

Yahudiler (İbranice: יְהוּדִים‎, ISO 259-2: Yehudim, İsrailli telaffuzu: [jehuˈdim])[15] veya Yahudi milleti, tarihî İsrail ve Yehuda'nın İsrailoğulları [16][17][18] ve İbranilerinden[19][20] köken alan bir etno-dinî grup[21] ve millettir.[22][23][24] Yahudilik, Yahudi milletine özel etnik bir din olduğundan Yahudi etnisitesi, milleti ve inancı birbiriyle güçlü bir şekilde ilişki içerisindedir.[25][26][27]

Yahudiler ilk defa Doğu Akdeniz kıyılarındaki Kenan bölgesinde, İsrail Diyarı olarak bilinen topraklarda, yaklaşık MÖ 2'nci milenyumda[12] (dört bin yıl önce) etnik ve dinî bir grup olarak ortaya çıktılar.[28] Merneptah Steli, MÖ 13. yüzyıla (Geç Tunç Çağı) kadar Kenan'daki, günümüz Yahudilerinin dedeleri olan İbrani kökenli inançlı İsraillilerin varlığını doğrulamaktadır.[29][30] İsrailoğulları, nüfuslarının artmasıyla birlikte[31] İsrail ve Yehuda krallıkları olarak ortaya çıkmış ve güçlerini sağlamlaştırmışlardır.[32] Yahudilerin sürgün dönemlerinden çok az kaynak bahsetse de, Babil Eserati ve sürgünü ve Roma İşgali ve sürgünüyle Yahudiler ilk defa diasporada yaşamaya başlamışlardır,[33] ancak anavatanları ile aralarındaki manevi bağ hep sağlam kalmıştır.[34]

II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan önce, dünya çapındaki Yahudi nüfusu 16,7 milyonla[35] döneminin zirvesine ulaşmıştı ve o zamanlar dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %0,7'sini temsil ediyordu. Holokost ile yaklaşık 6 milyon Yahudi sistematik olarak öldürüldü.[36][37] O zamandan sonra nüfus tekrar arttı ve 2018'de Berman Jewish DataBank[1] tarafından toplam 14,6-17,8 milyon olarak tahmin edildi; bu, toplam dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %0,2'sine eşdeğerdir.[38][not 1] 20. yüzyılda yükselen ve Yahudi milliyetçiliğini temel alan Siyonistler, iki bin yıl önce dağılmış Yahudi devletleri olan İsrail Krallığı ve Yehuda Krallığı'ndan uzun zaman sonra aynı bölgede Modern İsrail Devleti'ni kurmuş ve zamanla toplam nüfusun en çoğunu Yahudilerin oluşturduğu bir ülke haline getirmişlerdi.[40][41] Yeni kurulmuş İsrail Devleti, Geri Dönüş Kanunu ile[42] İsrail'e yerleşmek isteyen Yahudilere doğrudan vatandaşlık hakkı verdi ve böylece Yahudiler, İsrail'e yerleşmeye teşvik edildiler.[43]

Dünya nüfusuna oranla çok az yüzdeye sahip olmalarına rağmen Yahudiler, felsefe,[44] edebiyat,[45][46] politika[46] dahil olmak üzere, hem eski hem de modern geçmişte birçok alanda insanî ilerlemeyi önemli ölçüde etkilemiş ve büyük katkılarda bulunmuşlardır. Yahudiler özellikle işletme,[46] güzel sanatlar,[46] mimarlık, edebiyat, müzik, tiyatro,[47] sinema, tıp, teknoloji, matematik, doğa bilimleri ve din gibi alanların gelişmesini sağlayan birçok başarıya imza atmışlardır. Hepsiyle beraber Yahudiler Kitâb-ı Mukaddes'i yazarak[48][49] Hristiyanlığı kurmuş,[50] İslam üzerinde derin bir iz bırakmış[51] ve günümüz Batı medeniyetinin yüksek seviyelere ulaşmasında en büyük katkıyı sağlayan milletlerden biri olmuşlardır.[52][53]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Arnold Dashefsky, Arnold; Sergio Della Pergola, Sergio; Sheskin, Ira, (Ed.) (2018). World Jewish Population (PDF) (İngilizce). Berman Jewish DataBank. 10 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 6 Haziran 2020. 
  2. ^ "France tops list for Jewish emigration to Israel". RFI. 6 Eylül 2014. 8 Eylül 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Haziran 2020. 
  3. ^ "Why 5,000 Jews emigrated from France to Israel last year". The Local Europe AB. 9 Ocak 2017. 10 Ocak 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Eylül 2017. 
  4. ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 5 Nisan 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2020. 
  5. ^ "Links". Beth Hatefutsoth. 26 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2020. 
  6. ^ a b c "Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese". Sciencedaily.com. 9 Mayıs 2000. 19 Haziran 2000 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Nisan 2013. 
  7. ^ "New Poll Shows Atheism on Rise, With Jews Found to Be Least Religious". haaretz.com. 8 Ağustos 2020. 19 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Ağustos 2012. 
  8. ^ "Irreligious - Jewish Hellenists?". kby.org. 8 Ağustos 2020. 10 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. 
  9. ^ Kiaris, Hippokratis (2012). Genes, Polymorphisms and the Making of Societies: How Genetic Behavioral Traits Influence Human Cultures. Universal Publishers. s. 21. ISBN 978-1612330938. 
  10. ^ a b c d Shen, P; Lavi, T; Kivisild, T; Chou, V; Sengun, D; Gefel, D; Shpirer, I; Woolf, E; Hillel, J (2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation" (PDF). Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248-60. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID 15300852. 8 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2020. 
  11. ^ a b Ridolfo, Jim (2015). Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities. University of Michigan Press. s. 69. ISBN 978-0472072804. 
  12. ^ a b Atzmon, G; Hao, L; Pe'Er, I; Velez, C; Pearlman, A; Palamara, PF; Morrow, B; Friedman, E; Oddoux, C (2010). "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (6): 850-59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 3032072 $2. PMID 20560205. 
  13. ^ Wade, Nicholas (9 Haziran 2010). "Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity". New York Times. 11 Haziran 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2020. 
  14. ^ Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Weiss, Deborah A.; Weale, Michael; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella; Thomas, Mark G. (2000). "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews" (PDF). Human Genetics. 107 (6): 630-41. doi:10.1007/s004390000426. PMID 11153918. 24 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2020. 
  15. ^ Jews 29 Eylül 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (İngilizce). "Yahudiler". Hebrew Dictionary.
  16. ^ Raymond P. Scheindlin (1998). A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood. Oxford University Press. ss. 1-. ISBN 978-0-19-513941-9. 9 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2020.  Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"
  17. ^ Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. ss. 337-. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. 10 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2020. "The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"
  18. ^ Harry Ostrer MD (2012). Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press. ss. 26-. ISBN 978-0-19-997638-6. 9 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2020. 
  19. ^ "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament." Jew 23 Mayıs 2015 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. at Encyclopædia Britannica 26 Ocak 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
  20. ^ "Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews." Hebrew (People) 30 Mart 2015 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. at Encyclopædia Britannica 26 Ocak 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
  21. ^ * Ethnic minorities in English law. English Law (İngilizce). Books.google.co.uk. 4 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Aralık 2010. 
    • "Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism". Edgar Litt (1961): 328–32. ISBN 978-0-8147-6700-9. 
    • The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Eli Lederhendler Stephen S. Wise Professor of American Jewish History and Institutions (2001). Studies in Contemporary Jewry : Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-19-534896-5.
    • Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea. Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1.
    • John A. Shoup III (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-59884-363-7.
    Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005). Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-139-44411-8.
  22. ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi; Nicholson2002 isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
  23. ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi; Neusner1991 isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
  24. ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi; Dowty1998 isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
  25. ^ Eli Lederhendler (2001). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel. Oxford University Press. ss. 101-. ISBN 978-0-19-534896-5. 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2020.  "Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"
  26. ^ Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005). Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians. Cambridge University Press. ss. 102-. ISBN 978-1-139-44411-8. 9 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2020.  "This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible."
  27. ^ Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997). Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]. Transaction Publishers. ss. 90-. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1. 9 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2020.  "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"
  28. ^ "Facts About Israel: History". GxMSDev. 15 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. 
  29. ^ K. L. Noll (2012), Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. A&C Black, rev.ed. pp. 137ff.
  30. ^ Thomas L. Thompson (2000),Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources, 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. Brill, pp. 275–76: 'They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different signification.'
  31. ^ John Day (2005), In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel, Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 [48] 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'.
  32. ^ Day, pp. : 31–33, p. : 57, n. : 33
  33. ^ Rainer Albertz (2003), Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. Society of Biblical Lit, pp. 45ff: 'Since the exilic era constitutes a gaping hole in the historical narrative of the Bible, historical reconstruction of this era faces almost insurmountable difficulties. Like the premonarchic period and the late Persian period, the exilic period, though set in the bright light of Ancient Near Eastern history, remains historically obscure. Since there are very few Israelite sources, the only recourse is to try to cast some light on this darkness from the history of the surrounding empires under whose dominion Israel came in this period.'
  34. ^ * Marvin Perry (2012). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789. Cengage Learning. s. 87. ISBN 978-1-111-83720-4. 4 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. 
    • Botticini, Maristella and Zvi Eckstein. "From Farmers to Merchants, Voluntary Conversions and Diaspora: A Human Capital Interpretation of History." 2 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. pp. 18–19. August 2006. Accessed 21 November 2015. "The death toll of the Great Revolt against the Roman empire amounted to about 600,000 Jews, whereas the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 caused the death of about 500,000 Jews. Massacres account for roughly 40 percent of the decrease of the Jewish population in Palestine. Moreover, some Jews migrated to Babylon after these revolts because of the worse economic conditions. After accounting for massacres and migrations, there is an additional 30 to 40 percent of the decrease in the Jewish population in Palestine (about 1–1.3 million Jews) to be explained" (p. 19).
    • Boyarin, Daniel, and Jonathan Boyarin. 2003. Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Diaspora. p. 714 11 Ekim 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "...it is crucial to recognize that the Jewish conception of the Land of Israel is similar to the discourse of the Land of many (if not nearly all) "indigenous" peoples of the world. Somehow the Jews have managed to retain a sense of being rooted somewhere in the world through twenty centuries of exile from that someplace (organic metaphors are not out of place in this discourse, for they are used within the tradition itself). It is profoundly disturbing to hear Jewish attachment to the Land decried as regressive in the same discursive situations in which the attachment of native Americans or Australians to their particular rocks, trees, and deserts is celebrated as an organic connection to the Earth that "we" have lost" p. 714.
    • Cohen, Robin (1997), Global Diasporas: An Introduction. p. 24 London: UCL Press. 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "...although the word Babylon often connotes captivity and oppression, a rereading of the Babylonian period of exile can thus be shown to demonstrate the development of a new creative energy in a challenging, pluralistic context outside the natal homeland. When the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in AD 70, it was Babylon that remained as the nerve- and brain-centre for Jewish life and thought...the crushing of the revolt of the Judaeans against the Romans and the destruction of the Second Temple by the Roman general Titus in AD 70 precisely confirmed the catastrophic tradition. Once again, Jews had been unable to sustain a national homeland and were scattered to the far corners of the world" (p. 24).
    • Johnson, Paul A History of the Jews "The Bar Kochba Revolt," (HarperPerennial, 1987) pp. 158–61 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.: Paul Johnson analyzes Cassius Dio's Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX para. 13–14 (Dio's passage cited separately) among other sources: "Even if Dio's figures are somewhat exaggerated, the casualties amongst the population and the destruction inflicted on the country would have been considerable. According to Jerome, many Jews were also sold into slavery, so many, indeed, that the price of Jewish slaves at the slave market in Hebron sank drastically to a level no greater than that for a horse. The economic structure of the country was largely destroyed. The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Jerusalem was now turned into a Roman colony with the official name Colonia Aelia Capitolina (Aelia after Hadrian's family name: P. Aelius Hadrianus; Capitolina after Jupiter Capitolinus). The Jews were forbidden on pain of death to set foot in the new Roman city. Aelia thus became a completely pagan city, no doubt with the corresponding public buildings and temples... We can...be certain that a statue of Hadrian was erected in the centre of Aelia, and this was tantamount in itself to a desecration of Jewish Jerusalem." p. 159.
    • Cassius Dio's Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX para. 13–14 29 Mart 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.: "13 At first the Romans took no account of them. Soon, however, all Judaea had been stirred up, and the Jews everywhere were showing signs of disturbance, were gathering together, and giving evidence of great hostility to the Romans, partly by secret and partly by overt acts; 2 many outside nations, too, were joining them through eagerness for gain, and the whole earth, one might almost say, was being stirred up over the matter. Then, indeed, Hadrian sent against them his best generals. First of these was Julius Severus, who was dispatched from Britain, where he was governor, against the Jews. 3 Severus did not venture to attack his opponents in the open at any one point, in view of their numbers and their desperation, but by intercepting small groups, thanks to the number of his soldiers and his under-officers, and by depriving them of food and shutting them up, he was able, rather slowly, to be sure, but with comparatively little danger, to crush, exhaust and exterminate them. Very few of them in fact survived. Fifty of their most important outposts and nine hundred and eighty-five of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. Five hundred and eighty thousand men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out. 2 Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate, a result of which the people had had forewarning before the war. For the tomb of Solomon, which the Jews regard as an object of veneration, fell to pieces of itself and collapsed, and many wolves and hyenas rushed howling into their cities. 3 Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the senate did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors, 'If you and our children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health'" (para. 13–14).
    • Safran, William. 2005. The Jewish Diaspora in a Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Israel Studies 10 (1): 36. "...diaspora referred to a very specific case—that of the exile of the Jews from the Holy Land and their dispersal throughout several parts of the globe. Diaspora [galut] connoted deracination, legal disabilities, oppression, and an often painful adjustment to a hostland whose hospitality was unreliable and ephemeral. It also connoted the existence on foreign soil of an expatriate community that considered its presence to be transitory. Meanwhile, it developed a set of institutions, social patterns, and ethnonational and/or religious symbols that held it together. These included the language, religion, values, social norms, and narratives of the homeland. Gradually, this community adjusted to the hostland environment and became itself a center of cultural creation. All the while, however, it continued to cultivate the idea of return to the homeland." (p. 36).
    • Sheffer, Gabriel. 2005. Is the Jewish Diaspora Unique? Reflections on the Diaspora's Current Situation. Israel Studies 10 (1): pp. 3–4 30 Kasım 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "...the Jewish nation, which from its very earliest days believed and claimed that it was the "chosen people," and hence unique. This attitude has further been buttressed by the equally traditional view, which is held not only by the Jews themselves, about the exceptional historical age of this diaspora, its singular traumatic experiences its singular ability to survive pogroms, exiles, and Holocaust, as well as its "special relations" with its ancient homeland, culminating in 1948 with the nation-state that the Jewish nation has established there... First, like many other members of established diasporas, the vast majority of Jews no longer regard themselves as being in Galut [exile] in their host countries.…Perceptually, as well as actually, Jews permanently reside in host countries of their own free will, as a result of inertia, or as a result of problematic conditions prevailing in other hostlands, or in Israel. It means that the basic perception of many Jews about their existential situation in their hostlands has changed. Consequently, there is both a much greater self- and collective-legitimatization to refrain from making serious plans concerning "return" or actually "making Aliyah" [to emigrate, or "go up"] to Israel. This is one of the results of their wider, yet still rather problematic and sometimes painful acceptance by the societies and political systems in their host countries. It means that they, and to an extent their hosts, do not regard Jewish life within the framework of diasporic formations in these hostlands as something that they should be ashamed of, hide from others, or alter by returning to the old homeland" (p. 4).
    • Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (1984). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521772488. 9 Mart 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war. Historical sources note the vast number of captives sold into slavery in Palestine and shipped abroad. ... The Judaean Jewish community never recovered from the Bar Kochba war. In its wake, Jews no longer formed the majority in Palestine, and the Jewish center moved to the Galilee. Jews were also subjected to a series of religious edicts promulgated by Hadrian that were designed to uproot the nationalistic elements with the Judaean Jewish community, these proclamations remained in effect until Hadrian's death in 138. An additional, more lasting punitive measure taken by the Romans involved expunging Judaea from the provincial name, changing it from Provincia Judaea to Provincia Syria Palestina. Although such name changes occurred elsewhere, never before or after was a nation's name expunged as the result of rebellion. 
    • Dalit Rom-Shiloni, Exclusive Inclusivity: Identity Conflicts Between the Exiles and the People who Remained (6th–5th Centuries BCE) 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., A&C Black, 2013 p. xv n.3: 'it is argued that biblical texts of the Neo-Babylonian and the early Persian periods show a fierce adversarial relationship(s) between the Judean groups. We find no expressions of sympathy to the deported community for its dislocation, no empathic expressions towards the People Who Remained under Babylonian subjugation in Judah. The opposite is apparent: hostile, denigrating, and denunciating language characterizes the relationships between resident and exiled Judeans throughout the sixth and fifth centuries.' (p. xvii)
  35. ^ "The Jewish Population of the World (2014)". Jewish Virtual Library. 24 Ocak 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Haziran 2015. , based on American Jewish Year Book. American Jewish Committee. 5 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2014. 
  36. ^ "Holocaust | Basic questions about the Holocaust". www.projetaladin.org. 17 Eylül 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Kasım 2015. 
  37. ^ "The Holocaust". HISTORY.com. 29 Haziran 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Kasım 2015. 
  38. ^ "Jews make up only 0.2% of mankind". ynetnews. Ekim 2012. 17 Ekim 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Ağustos 2020. 
  39. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (12 Eylül 2007). "Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768". Haaretz. 19 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Ocak 2009. 
  40. ^ A 1970 amendment to Israel's Law of Return defines "Jew" as "a person who was born of a Jewish mother or has become converted to Judaism and who is not a member of another religion." "Law of Return". 13 Ocak 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. 
  41. ^ Jonathan Daly (19 Aralık 2013). The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization. A&C Black. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-1-4411-1851-6."Upon the foundation of Judaism, two civilizations centered on monotheistic religion emerged, Christianity and Islam. To these civilizations, the Jews added a leaven of astonishing creativity in business, medicine, letters, science, the arts, and a variety of other leadership roles."
  42. ^ "Broadway Musicals: A Jewish Legacy". DC Theatre Scene.
  43. ^ Palmer, Henry, A History of the Jewish Nation 11 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (1875), D. Lothrop & Co., Retrieved on June 15, 2009
  44. ^ "Maimonides – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". utm.edu. 21 Aralık 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ağustos 2015. 
  45. ^ Sekine, Seizō. A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Print.
  46. ^ a b c d Jonathan Daly (2013). The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization. A&C Black. ss. 21-. ISBN 978-1-4411-1851-6. 30 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. "Upon the foundation of Judaism, two civilizations centered on monotheistic religion emerged, Christianity and Islam. To these civilizations, the Jews added a leaven of astonishing creativity in business, medicine, letters, science, the arts, and a variety of other leadership roles."
  47. ^ "Broadway Musicals: A Jewish Legacy". DC Theatre Scene. 4 Şubat 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. 
  48. ^ Max I. Dimont (2004). Jews, God, and History. Penguin Publishing Group. ss. 102-. ISBN 978-1-101-14225-7. 28 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020.  "During the subsequent five hundred years, under Persian, Greek and Roman domination, the Jews wrote, revised, admitted and canonized all the books now comprising the Jewish Old Testament"
  49. ^ Julie Galambush (2011). The Reluctant Parting: How the New Testament's Jewish Writers Created a Christian Book. HarperCollins. ss. 3-. ISBN 978-0-06-210475-5. 29 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. "The fact that Jesus and his followers who wrote the New Testament were first-century Jews, then, produces as many questions as it does answers concerning their experiences, beliefs, and practices"
  50. ^ John M. G. Barclay; John Philip McMurdo Sweet (1996). Early Christian Thought in Its Jewish Context. Cambridge University Press. ss. 20-. ISBN 978-0-521-46285-3. 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020. "Early Christianity began as a Jewish movement in first-century Palestine"
  51. ^ Dr. Andrea C. Paterson (2009). Three Monotheistic Faiths – Judaism, Christianity, Islam: An Analysis and Brief History. AuthorHouse. ss. 41-. ISBN 978-1-4520-3049-4. 18 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020.  "Judaism also contributed to the religion of Islam for Islam derives its ideas of holy text, the Qur'an, ultimately from Judaism. The dietary and legal codes of Islam are based on those of Judaism. The basic design of the mosque, the Islamic house of worship, comes from that of the early synagogues. The communal prayer services of Islam and their devotional routines resembles those of Judaism."
  52. ^ Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, p. 40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
  53. ^ Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization 9 Mart 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., "Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West". Judaism 4 Ekim 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. at Encyclopædia Britannica


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