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Austria-Hungary

For the relations of the modern-day sovereign countries of Austria and Hungary, see Austria–Hungary relations.

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie (German)
Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia (Hungarian)
1867–1918
Coat of arms (1915–1918) (see also: Flags of Austria-Hungary) of Austria-Hungary
Coat of arms (1915–1918)
Motto: Indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter
(Latin for 'Indivisibly and inseparably')
Anthem: Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze
(English: God preserve, God protect)

  Cisleithania, or "Austria"
  Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or "Hungary"
  Condominium of Bosnia-Herzegovina
Capital
Largest cityVienna
Official languages
Common languagesGerman, Hungarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Ruthenian, Romanian, Bosnian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Italian, Romani (Carpathian), Yiddish,[4] and others (Friulian, Istro-Romanian, Ladin)
Religion
(1910[5])
Demonym(s)Austro-Hungarian
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
Emperor-King 
• 1867–1916
Franz Joseph I
• 1916–1918
Karl I & IV
Minister-President of Austria 
• 1867 (first)
F. F. von Beust
• 1918 (last)
Heinrich Lammasch
Prime Minister of Hungary 
• 1867–1871 (first)
Gyula Andrássy
• 1918 (last)
Mihály Károlyi
LegislatureTwo national legislatures
• Imperial Council
• Diet of Hungary
Historical era
30 March 1867
7 October 1879
6 October 1908
28 June 1914
28 July 1914
31 October 1918
12 November 1918
16 November 1918
10 September 1919
4 June 1920
Area
1905[6]621,538 km2 (239,977 sq mi)
Population
• 1910 estimate
51,390,223[7][8]
Currency
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Austrian Empire
Legal successors:
Austria
Hungary
Other territorial successors:
Czechoslovakia
Poland
West Ukraine
Yugoslavia
Romania
Italy

Austria-Hungary,[c] also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe[d] between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consisted of two sovereign states with a single monarch who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.[9] Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy: it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after Hungary terminated the union with Austria on 31 October 1918.

One of Europe's major powers at the time, Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire), while being among the ten most populous countries world wide. The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine-building industry in the world.[10] With the exception of the territory of the Bosnian Condominium, the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary were separate sovereign countries in international law.[11][12][13]

At its core was the dual monarchy, which was a real union between Cisleithania, the northern and western parts of the former Austrian Empire, and Transleithania (Kingdom of Hungary). Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power.[14] The two countries conducted unified diplomatic and defence policies. For these purposes, "common" ministries of foreign affairs and defence were maintained under the monarch's direct authority, as was a third finance ministry responsible only for financing the two "common" portfolios. A third component of the union was the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, an autonomous region under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement in 1868. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian joint military and civilian rule[15] until it was fully annexed in 1908, provoking the Bosnian crisis.[16]

Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I, which began with an Austro-Hungarian war declaration on the Kingdom of Serbia on 28 July 1914. It was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The Kingdom of Hungary and the First Austrian Republic were treated as its successors de jure, whereas the independence of the First Czechoslovak Republic, the Second Polish Republic, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, respectively, and most of the territorial demands of the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Italy were also recognized by the victorious powers in 1920.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference wien-vienna was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Fisher, Gilman. The Essentials of Geography for School Year 1888–1889, p. 47 Archived 6 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine. New England Publishing Company (Boston), 1888. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  3. ^ "Austria-Races". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). p. 118. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  4. ^ From the Encyclopædia Britannica (1878),[3] although this "Romani" refers to the language of those described by the EB as "Gypsies"; the EB's "Rumäni or Wallachian" refers to what is today known as Romanian; Rusyn and Ukrainian correspond to dialects of what the EB refers to as "Ruthenian"; and Yiddish was the common language of the Austrian Jews, although Hebrew was also known by many.
  5. ^ Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde, 1911, Tabelle 3.
  6. ^ Headlam, James Wycliffe (1911). "Austria-Hungary" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–39.
  7. ^ Österreichische Statistik, Neue Folge (in German). Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
  8. ^ 1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 17.
  9. ^ "Martin Mutschlechner: The Dual Monarchy: two states in a single empire". 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  10. ^ Schulze, Max-Stephan. Engineering and Economic Growth: The Development of Austria–Hungary's Machine-Building Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century, p. 295. Peter Lang (Frankfurt), 1996.
  11. ^ Gyula Andrássy (1896). Az 1867-iki (i.e. ezernyolcszázhatvanhetediki) kiegyezésről. Franklin-Társulat. p. 321.
  12. ^ Eric Roman (2003). Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. European nations Facts on File library of world history. Infobase Publishing. p. 401. ISBN 9780816074693.
  13. ^ Szávai, Ferenc Tibor. "Könyvszemle (Book review): Kozári Monika: A dualista rendszer (1867–1918): Modern magyar politikai rendszerek". Magyar Tudomány (in Hungarian). p. 1542. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  14. ^ "Hungary - Dual Monarchy, Austro-Hungarian Empire, WWI | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  15. ^ Minahan, James. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, p. 48.
  16. ^ "Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). "Bosnia and Herzegovina" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–286.


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