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Lysis

This article is about the biological definition of the word Lysis. For other uses, see Lysis (disambiguation).

Lysis (/ˈlaɪsɪs/ LY-sis; from Greek λῠ́σῐς lýsis 'loosening') is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" /ˈlɪtɪk/ LIT-ik) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a lysate. In molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology laboratories, cell cultures may be subjected to lysis in the process of purifying their components, as in protein purification, DNA extraction, RNA extraction, or in purifying organelles.

Many species of bacteria are subject to lysis by the enzyme lysozyme, found in animal saliva, egg white, and other secretions.[1] Phage lytic enzymes (lysins) produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells.[2] Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics cause the death of bacteria through enzyme-mediated lysis that occurs after the drug causes the bacterium to form a defective cell wall.[3] If the cell wall is completely lost and the penicillin was used on gram-positive bacteria, then the bacterium is referred to as a protoplast, but if penicillin was used on gram-negative bacteria, then it is called a spheroplast.

  1. ^ P. Jollès, ed. (1996). Lysozymes--model enzymes in biochemistry and biology. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. pp. 35–64. ISBN 978-3-7643-5121-2.
  2. ^ Nelson, D.; Loomis, L.; Fischetti, V. A. (20 March 2001). "Prevention and elimination of upper respiratory colonization of mice by group A streptococci by using a bacteriophage lytic enzyme". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (7): 4107–12. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.4107N. doi:10.1073/pnas.061038398. PMC 31187. PMID 11259652.
  3. ^ Scholar, E. M.; Pratt, W. B. (2000). The antimicrobial drugs (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 61–64. ISBN 978-0-19-975971-2.

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